Natural Science questions for CLEP test
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| In plants, a growth response to the stimulus of light is called | Tropisms
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| The principal water absorbing structure of a typical root is the | Root hair cells
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| Light reactions of photosynthesis include those in which | water is split into oxygen
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| In typical ecosystems, the producers are | photosynthethic producers
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| If a living plant is placed in a hypotonic solution | turgor pressure increases
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| Ribosomes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum consist of | RNA which synthesises protein
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| According to Weismann's theory of continuity of the germ plasm | Reproduction is accomplished not by somaplasm but by germ plasm
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| Cellular structures responsible for oxidizing food and converting energy to ATP are | Mitochondria
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| Light reactions of photosynthesis include those in which | water is split into oxygen
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| In typical ecosystems, the producers are | photosynthethic producers
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| If a living plant is placed in a hypotonic solution | turgor pressure increases
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| Ribosomes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum consist of | RNA which synthesises protein
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| According to Weismann's theory of continuity of the germ plasm | Reproduction is accomplished not by somaplasm but by germ plasm
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| Cellular structures responsible for oxidizing food and converting energy to ATP are | Mitochondria
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| The enzyme-controlled breakdown of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions is called | Fermentation
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| In plant reproduction, selected cells of the diploid, spore producting generation undergo | meiosis to produce haploid spores
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| Plants produce carotene which animals convert to | Vitamin A
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| Which nerve innervates the semicircular canals | auditory nerve
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| Hormone that controls the rate of food conversion to energy | Thyroxin
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| Stimulation by sympathic nervous system would result in | The sympathic nervous system responds to emotional situations and creates reactions such as increased heart beat
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| The significance of mitosis is that there is | a precise and equal distribution of chromatin and DNA to each daughter cell
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| Transfer of genetic information from one generation to another is accomplished by | DNA
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| Mutations | Sources of variations and continue to be handed down to future generations
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| Animalculists | preformationists who believed in a preformation of the indiviual within the cell
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| Plankton | free-floating microscopic plants and animals in a body of water
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| Commensalism | Relationship between members of 2 species in which one benefits from the other without harming or benefiting the other
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| Blood returns to the heart from the lungs via the | Pulmonary veins
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| Blood is supplied to the muscle of wall of the heart | Coronary arteries branch from the aorta and carry blood to the heart muscle
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| Chemosynthethic | An organism that obtains energy from the oxidation of inorganic substances
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| nondisjunction | The failure of homologus chromosomes to separate in the anaphase
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| Xylem | tissue inside the vascular cambium and is the primary water conducting tissue in vascular plants
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| Allergic reaction | side effect of a antigen-antibody reaction
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| antigen | Any substance that, when introduced into an animal body, stimulates the formation of an antibody
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| Antibodies | A protein in the blood of animals that can render an antigen inactive
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| Paul Ehrlich | studied the effects of chemicals on body tissue-chemotherapy
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| Cell division- mitosis | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase
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| Mitosis | A qualitative division of the cell nucleus whereby each daughter cell receives the same identical chromosome content as the parent cell
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| mRNA | messenger RNA- carries genetic information out of the cell nucleus
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| tRNA | Protein synthesis carried out in the cytoplasm of the cell
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| Cell metabolism | Ingestion, digestion, secretion,absorption,respiration,excretion,transportation,assimilation,regulation,synthesis,reproduction,irritablility,movement,bioluminescence
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| Photosynthesis | process occurs within all plant cells which supply all of the carbohydrates used by both plants and animals. Water and oxygen are by products
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| chloroplasts | cells that absorb light energy from the sun
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| cellular respiration | The process by which the cell or organism gets energy for all of its activities
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| Chloroplasts | Site of photosynthesis
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| Plastids | store chlorophyll for use by chloroplasts
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| Lysosomes | carryout digestive functions, stores digestive enzymes
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | does not have ribosomes attached and is the transportation system of the cell
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Has ribosomes attached and also carries out cell transportation but mainly of necessary protein needed by the cell
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| Golgi Apparatus | Manufacture, synthesize, store, and distribute hormone and enzyme materials needed by the cell
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| Peroxisomes | Manufacture, store, and secrete oxidatiation enzmyes needed by the cell
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| Vacules | storehouse for chemicals needed by the cell
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| Basal Bodies | Structures that clean the cell
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| Cell wall | A tough outer membrane that supports and protects the plant cell
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| Centrioles | Rod-shaped structures responsible for animal cell reproduction
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| Nucleocleus | The center of the nucleus that resembles a golf ball and houses all of the genes, chromosomes and their needed material
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| Chromosomes | Hereditary structures that contain the genes which determine the hereditary information contained in the cell
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| Proteins | Used by the cell to provide energy, maintenence, growth, and reproduction
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| amino acids | Proteins broken down by protein degradation
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| Protein synthesis | The process of combining amino acids to produce peptide chains to reconstruct proteins
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| Law of Dominance | Every organism receives a trait from the mother and a trait from the father. One trait may have dominance and mask the recessive trait to keep it from showing in the offspring. Dominant traits are usually the darker, larger, or heavier of the two
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| Law of Segregation and recombinant | Genes separate into single units at the time the egg and sperm unite. Each character links with a like character to form a gene. It is segregation that assures each parent contributes equally to the offspring
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| Law of Independent Assortment | Each unit or character for a trait is independent distributed to link with a like gene to form another pair. There is no pattern to their separation and rejoining to form the genes for the potential offspring
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| Sutton's Law | Genes are located on chromosomes. This law forms the basis for the study of genetics
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| Hardy -Weinberg Law | Based on population studies, states that in a population at equilibrium, both genes and genotypic frequencies remain constant from generation to generation. Each trait whether recessive or dominant has an equal chance to exert its influence
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| Gene | Part of a chromosome that codes for a certain hereditary trait
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| Chromosome | A rod-shaped body formed in the genes found in the cell nucleus
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| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism or the set of genes that it possesses. This is always expressed in capital letters for dominance or small letters for recessive traits
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| Phenotype | The outward visible appearance or expression of gene action. It is the heredity makeup of an organism that we see or measure
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| Homologous Chromosomes | Chromosomes bearing genes for the same characters
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| Mendel's Law of Genetics | 1857 1. Law of Dominance 2. Law of Segregation and Recombinant 3. Law of Independent Assortment
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| Homozygous Trait | An indentical pair of alleles on homologous chromosomes for any given trait
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| Heterozygous Trait | A mixed pair of alleles on homologous chromosomes for any given trait
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| Hybrid | Refers to an organism carrying unlike genes for certain traits. "Best of Both"
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| Mutation | Sudden appearance of a new trait or variation which is inherited
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| Punnet's Square | Method used to predict probable outcomes of a particular genetic cross
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| Precambrian era | Unicellular organisms
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| Paleozoic Era | Multicellular animals and fern-like plants originated
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| Mesozoic Era | Birds, mammals, reptiles, and flowering plants orginated- Dinosaurs
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| Cenozoic Era | Radiation of birds, mammals, reptiles, and flowering plants florished
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| Binomal Nomenclature | Scientific classification of plants and animals
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| Levels of Classifications | Kingdoms, phylum class, order, family,genus,species
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| Speciation | organisms change to adapt to their enviroments and evolve into entirely different organisms
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| three types of energy | activation energy, potential energy, kinetic energy
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| Activation energy | energy necessary to start a reaction
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| Potential energy | stored energy
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| Kinetic energy | Energy matter possesses due to motion
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| Law of conservation of matter or energy | under ordinary conditions, matter or energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change into different forms
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| Periodic Law | The property of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
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| Atomic numbers | The number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom
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| Periodic Table | Vertical columns represent the chemical families. Horizontial rows represent the period or row
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| Kinetic Model | All matter is composed of extremely small particles 2. Particles making up all matter are in constant motion 3. When these particles collide with each other or with walls of the container, there is no loss of energy
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| exothermic reaction | A reaction that gives off energy
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| Endothermic reaction | A reaction that absorbs energy
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| Decompostion Reaction | Combustion
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| Acids | Water solutions of acids conduct electricity, acids will react w/ metals 3. acids will react w/ bases resulting in both a loss of water and the leaving of a salt4. acids will react w/ carbonates to release carbon dioxide
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| bases | Bases are conducters of electricity in strong solutions2. Bases react w/acids to neutralize each other form a salt & water
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| Electrolytic reaction | Reactions that do not occur spontanously can be forced by an external supply of energy
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| Solution | Formed by mixing a solute and a solvent
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| Law of Definite Composition | A compound of two or more elements chemically combined in a definite ratio by weight
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| Scientific Law | a statement that fits new facts, uses inductive and deductive reasoning, successfully predicts what is found in nature
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| Mechanical Energy | produced by a machine that is a device for multiplying forces or changing the directions of forces
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| Law of Gravatation | Any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart
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| Lenz's Law | The direction of an induced current is always such that its magnetic field opposes the operation that causes it. Basis for generator design
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| Ohm's Law | The current in a wire is proportional to the potential difference between the ends of the wire
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| Law of Reflection | The angle of the incidence equals the angle of reflection- sunlight shows this law
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| Law of Refraction | Light rays passing through a tranparent substance are bent or refracted; the thicker the substance will be. the incident ray and the refracted ray both lie on the same plane
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| Einstein's theory | 1. motion in a straight line will have constant velocity. all other motion is judged from this frame of reference 2. The speed of light in empty space will always have the same value regardless of the motion of the source or the motion of the observer
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| Momentum | momentum is the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity
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| Inertia | The resistance an object has to change in its state of motion
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| Force | Product of acceleration
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| Parallel Force | When the forces on two opposite sides are equal. Thus this produces an action-reaction situation
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| Power | Rate of doing work per unit of time
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| Conduction | direct contact with another body and heat is transferred
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| Polarization | traveling on one plane
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| Electrical circuit | Energy is carried by this
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| Law of acceleration | The amount of acceleration is directly proportional to the acting force and inversely proportional to mass. Acceleration is equal to the change in speed divided by the time interval
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| Friction | The force that acts between materials moving past each other
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| Bernoulli's Law | A moving stream of gas or liquid appears to exert less sideways pressure than if it were at rest
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| Archimedes Principle | An immersed object is pushed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Buoyancy
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| Boyle's Law | If the temperature of a gas remains constant, volume equals pressure. Inflating a tire
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| Charles' Law | The volume of gas increases as its temperture increases, if the pressure stays the same. - increased volume on tires in warm weather
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| Hooke's Law | The amount of stretch or compression, x, is directly proportional to the applied force. Elasticity
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| Newton's 1st Law- law of Inertia | Every body remains at rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by forces from the outside
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| Newton's second law- Law of constant acceration | The acceleration of an object increases as the amount of net force applied from outside the object increases
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| Newton's Third Law- Law of conservation of momentum | To every action there is an equal and opposition reaction
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| Law of conservation of mechanical energy | In the absence of friction, energy stored in a machine remains constant and work done on the machine
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| Hutton's theory | Earth is gradually changing and will continue to change
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| Types of tides | Semidiurnal- 2 tides each morning and evening 2. diurnal 1 tide each am and pm 3. mixed -varies
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| Nebular hypothesis | Immanual Kant - Earth evolved from a rotating cloud of gases or nebula
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| Collision hypothesis | Giant pieces of material broke away from the sun and became planets, triggered by a supernova
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| Stratification | layers formed by the settling of rock and soil particles
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| Stratigraphic time scale | scale used to measure time and date of events
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| Rock classifications | Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
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| Igneous rock | rocks that were solidified or hardened from the cooling of molten materials- volanic rocks- granite, rhyolite, pumice, obsidian
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| Sedimentary rock | formed normal earth tempertures and pressure from accumulation of weathered debris- breccia, sandstone, shale, and limestone
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| Metamorphic rock | Rocks that have been transformed by pressure or chemicals. Garnet, graphite, turmaline, serpentine, marble, slate, and greiss
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| Cellular membranes | are selectively permable
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| Biogenesis | All life comes from pre-existing life
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| Autotrophic organisms | Can synthesis their food from inorganic materials
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| Heterotrophic organisms | Cannot synthesis their food from inorganic materials
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| Gibberellins and auxins | growth producing substances found in plants
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| Biomass | The total weight of photoplasm in a community
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| Fruit | The matured ovary of a flower
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| Ventral root axioms | motor nerve impulses travel along these from the central nervous system
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| Sensory impulses | travel to the cns along dorsal roots
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| Constituents of an atom | Protons = electrons , neutrons number signifies the different types of isotopes
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| The function of genes | To direct cells to produce specific proteins
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| (blank) | e
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| Enzymes are specific to | The raw materials worked on
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| pinocytosis | cell drinking - engulfing particles and breaking them down
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| A nerve impulse | A wave of depolarization passing along a nerve fiber
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| DNA consists of | Adensine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
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| The father of botany | Theophrastus
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| Priestly | discovered oxygen
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| Copernicus | heliocentric concept of the universe
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| Boyle | study of chemistry
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| Newton | The laws of motion
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| Colloidal particles | scatter light, known as the Tyndall effect
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| Atoms | The smallest particles possessing properties of elements
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| Photons | tiny packages of energy that make up light
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| Color | wavelengths of reflected light
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| Galvanometer | used to measure electric current
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| transistor | switches electricity on and off and amplifies weak electrical currents
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| supersaturated solutions | are unstable
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| Ohm | unit of electrical resistance
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| energy | The ability to do work
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| Protons | have a positive charge
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| Weight | The force of gravity upon an object
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| proteins contain | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus
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| radioactive decay may give off | alpha, beta, and gamma rays
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| Homologous Structures | Modified in various directions to meet different modes of life is adaptive radation
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| Isotonic solution | a solution with an osmotic pressure equal to the reference solution
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| Humidity | Has no effect on enzyme activity
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| Active transport | occurs when cell membranes expend energy to transport ions and molecules in and out of cells
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| Cellular respiration | combines oxygen and organic compounds to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water
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| Etiolation | absence of light stimulate stim growth and results in the failure of chlorophyll synthesis
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| Thallophytes | lack xylem and phleom
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| algae | basic food in many food chains
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| e coli | used in selected genetic -engineering activites
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