Campbell Biology101 Chapter 2 The Chemical Basis of Life
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| Matter | Anything that takes up space.
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| Element | Substance that can't be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means.
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| Compound | A Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.
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| Trace Elements | Are essential but only in very small quantities.
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| Proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge.
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| Electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative charge
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| Neutron | Is electrically neutral; has no charge.
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| Atomic Number | The number of protons an atom has.
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| Mass Number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
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| Atomic Mass | Is equal to its mass number.
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| Isotopes | An element that has the same number of protons and behave identically in chemical reactions, but they have different numbers of neutrons.
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| Radioactive Isotope | Where a nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.
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| Electron Shells | Depending on an elements atomic number, an atom may have one, two, or more of these surrounding the nucleus.
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| Chemical Bonds | An attraction between two atoms resulting form a sharing of outer shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms.
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| Covalent Bond | The strongest kind of chemical bond; where two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons.
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| Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
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| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | Where electrons are shared equally between the atoms.
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| Polar Covalent Bond | Unequal sharing of electrons.
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| Polar Molecule | Has an unequal distribution of charges; negative at the oxygen and positive at each of the two hydrogen ends.
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| Ion | An atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of one or more electrons.
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| Ionic Bond | A chemical bond resulting form the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
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| Hydrogen Bond | Weakest of all bonds.
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| Chemical Reaction | The breaking and making of chemical bonds which lead to changes in the composition of matter.
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| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
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| Heat | Amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in the body of matter.
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| Temperature | Measures the intensity of heat; the average speed of molecules rather the an the total amount of heat energy in a body of matter.
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| Solution | Liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances.
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| Solvant | The dissolving agent (i.e. water).
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| Salute | Substance being dissolved.
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| Acid | A compound that donates hydrogen ions to solutions. H+
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| Base | A compound that accepts hydrogen ions and removes them from solution. OH-
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| pH Scale | Describes how acidic or basic a solution is.
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