Lincoln tech. LPN A&P test review
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| How is bone growth affected by sex hormones? | inhibits (doesn't allow)further longitudinal growth
It also causes the EPIPHYSEAL DISC(growth plate) to fuse
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| How is bone growth affected by growth hormones? | help make a child grow taller
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| How is bone growth affected by hormones? | The EPIPHYSEAL DISC(growth plate)is sensitive to its effects
It have a great role in the growth of this growth plate.
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| What is the epiphyseal disc? | a band of hyaline cartilage at ends of long bones
Longitudinal bone growth occurs here
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| What are the functions of the bone? | support, protect, provide movement,store calcium, exchange blood, store bone marrow, and forms red and white blood cells
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| What is a compact bone? | dense/hard bone tissue found primarily(mostly) in the shaft of the long bone and the outer surfaces of bones
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| What is a spongy bone? | Is also know as a cancellous bone is less dense with a Swiss cheese like appearance
Its located primarily(mostly) at the end of a long bone and in the center of other bones
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| What is a Harversian system or ostens? | are microscopic units of COMPACT BONE
It consist of mature OSTEOCYTES arranged in concentric(having a common center)circles around large blood vessels
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| What are the two types of ossification? | Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral ossification
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| What are the two types of bone? | Compact and Spongy bone
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| What is ossification? | Natural process of bone formation.
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| What is Intramembranous Ossification? | Replacement of connective tissue membranes within bones (Ex:flat bone)
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| What is Endochondral ossification? | Replacement of Cartilage within the fetal skeleton. It turns cartilage into bone tissue. (ex: long bone, irregular bone,short bones.)
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| What are the parts of a long bone? | Diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal disc, Medullary cavity, Periosteum, and Endosteum.
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| What is the Shaft of a long bone? | Diaphysis
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| what is the enlarged end of a long bone? | epiphysis
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| What is growth Plate? | Epiphyseal disc
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| what is band is a band of hyaline cartilage at ends of long bones? | Epiphyseal disc
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| Longitudinal bone growth occurs here. | Epiphyseal disc
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| The tough outer connective tissue covering the diaphysis of a long bone. | Periosteum
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| Inside of the medullary cavity is lined with this type of conective tissue. | Endosteum
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| What is the hollow center of the diaphysis? | Medullary cavity
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| At Infancy this is filled with red bone marrow but as adults its filled with yellow bone marrow and stores fat. | Medullary cavity
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| Lined with connective tissue called Endosteum. | Medullary cavity
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| points of attachment for muscles. | Periosteum
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| Anchored firmly to the outside of the bone on all surfaces except the articular cartilage | Periosteum
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| Protects the bone | Periosteum
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| This is the tough, fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the disphysis. | Periosteum
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| articulates of meets with second bone at a joint | epiphysis
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| Consist of a thin layer of compacted bone overlaying spongy bone | epiphysis
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| Covered by cartilage | epiphysis
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| Composed primarily of compacted bone and therefor provides considerable strength | Diaphysis
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| Bone cells | Osteoblast
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| containing calcium, other minerals, and protein fibers. | Osteoblast
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| Matures into osteocytes that sit within the hard bones Matrix and maintains the bone. | Osteoblast
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| Osseous tissue | Bones
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| What is osteoclast? | Eroding cavity of this cell remodels and expands the medullary cavity.
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| Responsible for bone resorption. | Osteoclast
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| Bone-building cells | Osteoblast
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| What is a tendon made out of? | Fascia
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| Layers of dense connective tissue | Fascia
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| osteology | study of bones
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| Mostly found in infants | red bone marrow
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| Adults have it only in there sternum, ribs, body of the veterbrae, proximal end of the long bone and crest of the illium | Red bone marrow
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| osteocyte | mature bone cells
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| Bony plate found in spongy bone | trabeulae
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| Articular cartilage | found on the outer surface of the epiphysis
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| Different parts of the Sternum | manubrium,body,and xiphoid process
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| The part of the sternum closest to the collarbone | manubrium
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| The largest part of the sternum | body
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| Lower tip of the sternum | xiphoid process
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| Suprasternal notch | depression on the superior border of the manubrium
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| Manubrosternal joint | located between the manubrium and the body of the breast bone
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| Where is the ulna located | forearm bone (smaller bone)
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| Where is the humerous located | Arm bone.. its connected to your shoulder bone
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| Clavile | collarbone
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| Scapula | Shoulder blade
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| Where is the tibia located | lower leg bone (bigger bone)(distal(below) to the knee)
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| phalanges | Finger bones (14)
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| Where Is the femur located | Thigh bone
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| Metacarpals | Palm bones (5)
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| Carpals | Wrist bone
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| Metatarsals | Instep of foot (not the toes) (5)
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| Where is the radius located | Forearm bone (bigger bone)
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| Calcaneus | foots heal bone
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| Where is the cuboid located | in the foot
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| Appendicular skeleton | upper and lower limbs,pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
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| Axial skeleton | Cranium, rib cage,vertebral column
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| What are the different sections of the vertebral column (vertebrae) | cevical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
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| The two bones located in the cevical part of the vertebrae that allow the head to move | atlas and atix
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| The tail of the vertebrae thats connected to the sacrum | coccyx
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| Where blood is formed | bone marrow
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| Dressions in the bone | Foramen, fossa, meatus, sinus
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| foramen | passway of nerves and blood vessels; opening through a bone
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| Fossa | depression or groove
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| Meatus | tunnel; tubelike passageway
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| sinus | a cavity or hollow space
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| Parietal bone | the to side bones of the head
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| temporal bone | close to the side of the ear; Zygomatic process, styoild process,external aduitory meatus, and mastoid process make up this
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| occipital bone | located at the back and base of the head;
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| Foramen magnum | the large hole in the occipital bone
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| Fascia layers | Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
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| Cheek bones | zygomatic process
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| external aduitory meatus | forms the opening of the ear
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| styoild process | point of attachment of several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx; sharp projection
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| mastoid process | Point of attachment for neck muscles
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| Frontal bone | crown of head and upper part of bony structure of the eye
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| sphenoid bone | butterfly-shaped bone that forms parts of the floor and side of the cranium
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| ethmoid bone | is an irregularly shaped bone located between the eyes orbits ; right where the nose starts
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| mandible | lower jaw bone
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| temporomandibular joint | tmj
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| t in tmj stands for | temporal
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| m in tmj stands for | mandible
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| maxilla | upper jaw bone
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| palatine bone | posterior part of the hard palate (back of the roof of mouth)
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| zygomatic bone | cheek bone
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| sinuses | air-filled cavities of several parts of the cranium
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| scoliosis | lateral curvature (curve) in back
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| kyphosis | hunch back; exaggerated thoracic curvature (curve)
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| lordosis | exaggerated lumbar curvature (curve) called swayed back
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| True ribs | First seven (7) ribs, attach directly to the sternum
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| False ribs | next five (5) ribs, do not connect to the sternum directly
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| floating ribs | last two (2) ribs,do not attach at all; looks like they are floating
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| Pectoral girdle | contains the clavicle and scapula
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| fontanels | babys soft spot; also provides movement
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| Athophy | waste away
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| type of athophy | Disuse,Denervation,senile
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| disuse athophy | not using extremities
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| denervation athrophy | nerves are severed
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| Senile athrophy | normal aging prosses
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| hypertrophy | Growth in response to over use
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| Flexion | bend hand, leg or arm inward
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| Extension | bend leg or arm outward ; to straighten hand
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| eversion | turning foot outward away from other foot
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| inversion | turning sole of foot inward closer to other foot
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| addution | adding to the body or mid-line, bring leg towards body midline
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| abduction | to take away from body or mid-line; move leg side ways
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| supination | turning palm upward so the palm is visible
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| pronation | palm is face downward ; turn palm downward so back hand is visible
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| doriflexion | bend foot upward towards the leg
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| plantor flextion | toe dancing; bend foot down
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| Hyperextention | overextending the hand upward
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| I.n.o stands for | In take and out take
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| frontails | forehead muscles; raises eyebrows
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| external and internal Intercostals | thoracic cavity muscles; helps breathing
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| deltoid | shoulder muscles; abducts,extends, and rotates arm
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| Platysma | lower facial muscles; opens mouth wide
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| orbicularis oculi | eye muscle; closes eye; allows you to wink blink and squint
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| tibialis anterior | foot muscles; doriflexes foot
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| Two aspects of muscle contracton | Eletrical and contractile
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| Ankle and foot muscles | Tibialis anterior and soleus
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| Thigh and leg muscles | Gluteus maxiums,tensor faciae latae, and quadriceps femoris
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| cardiac muscle | Involuntary, striated, and found in heart
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| smooth muscles | involuntary, viseral muscle,and nonstriated
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| skeletal muscle | voluntary,striated,and attached to bone
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| contracture | abnormal fibrous formation in the muscle that freezes in flexed posistion
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| myosin | contracted protein, actins contain binding sites for this, thick_____ filaments sit between the thin filament, ______heads
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| sarcomere | found inside the myofibrils, from z-line to z-line
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| thin filament | actin and troponin
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| thick filaments | myosin
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| contracted proteins | myosin and actin
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| masseter | closes and retrats jaw
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| tonus | muscle tone, to normal continuous state of partical muscles contractions
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| zygomaticus | cheekbone muscle; smiling
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| belly | refers to the enlarged fleshy body of the muscle between the slender points of attachment
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| recruitment | the more motor units activated the greater the force of the contraction
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| motor unit | the nerve and innervated muscles fibers
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| neck muscles | sternocleidomastoid
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| facial muscles | frontalis, obricularies,levator palpebrae superoris, orbicularis oris buccinator, zygomaticus, platysma
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| muscles of the abdominal wall | external and internal obilque; transverse and rectus abdominis
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| Diaphragm | major breathing muscle
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| musles of the shoulders | latissimus dorsi,pectoralis major,deltoid
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| muscles of the forearm | biceps and triceps brachii
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| biceps brachii | bring in arm at the elbow joint
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| triceps brachii | straighten arm at the elbow
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| levator palpebrae superoris | eye muscle; opens eye lids
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| soleus | plantar flextion of foot
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| Neck muscle; turns head | sternocleidomastoid
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| Quadriceps femorius | vastus: lateralis vastus, intermedius vastus,medialis vastus
rectus: femoris rectus
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| tensor fasciae latae | thigh muscle; adducts and rotates thigh
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| orbicularis oris buccinator | lips muscle ; close mouth, purses lips, kissing
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| latissimus dorsi | swimmer muscle; adducts and rotates the arm out backward
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| pectoralis major | adduct and rotates arm across chest
flex and extends arm
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| temporalis | closes and retracts jaw
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