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Chapeters 8&9 A&P
Lincoln tech. LPN A&P test review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is bone growth affected by sex hormones? | inhibits (doesn't allow)further longitudinal growth It also causes the EPIPHYSEAL DISC(growth plate) to fuse |
| How is bone growth affected by growth hormones? | help make a child grow taller |
| How is bone growth affected by hormones? | The EPIPHYSEAL DISC(growth plate)is sensitive to its effects It have a great role in the growth of this growth plate. |
| What is the epiphyseal disc? | a band of hyaline cartilage at ends of long bones Longitudinal bone growth occurs here |
| What are the functions of the bone? | support, protect, provide movement,store calcium, exchange blood, store bone marrow, and forms red and white blood cells |
| What is a compact bone? | dense/hard bone tissue found primarily(mostly) in the shaft of the long bone and the outer surfaces of bones |
| What is a spongy bone? | Is also know as a cancellous bone is less dense with a Swiss cheese like appearance Its located primarily(mostly) at the end of a long bone and in the center of other bones |
| What is a Harversian system or ostens? | are microscopic units of COMPACT BONE It consist of mature OSTEOCYTES arranged in concentric(having a common center)circles around large blood vessels |
| What are the two types of ossification? | Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral ossification |
| What are the two types of bone? | Compact and Spongy bone |
| What is ossification? | Natural process of bone formation. |
| What is Intramembranous Ossification? | Replacement of connective tissue membranes within bones (Ex:flat bone) |
| What is Endochondral ossification? | Replacement of Cartilage within the fetal skeleton. It turns cartilage into bone tissue. (ex: long bone, irregular bone,short bones.) |
| What are the parts of a long bone? | Diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal disc, Medullary cavity, Periosteum, and Endosteum. |
| What is the Shaft of a long bone? | Diaphysis |
| what is the enlarged end of a long bone? | epiphysis |
| What is growth Plate? | Epiphyseal disc |
| what is band is a band of hyaline cartilage at ends of long bones? | Epiphyseal disc |
| Longitudinal bone growth occurs here. | Epiphyseal disc |
| The tough outer connective tissue covering the diaphysis of a long bone. | Periosteum |
| Inside of the medullary cavity is lined with this type of conective tissue. | Endosteum |
| What is the hollow center of the diaphysis? | Medullary cavity |
| At Infancy this is filled with red bone marrow but as adults its filled with yellow bone marrow and stores fat. | Medullary cavity |
| Lined with connective tissue called Endosteum. | Medullary cavity |
| points of attachment for muscles. | Periosteum |
| Anchored firmly to the outside of the bone on all surfaces except the articular cartilage | Periosteum |
| Protects the bone | Periosteum |
| This is the tough, fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the disphysis. | Periosteum |
| articulates of meets with second bone at a joint | epiphysis |
| Consist of a thin layer of compacted bone overlaying spongy bone | epiphysis |
| Covered by cartilage | epiphysis |
| Composed primarily of compacted bone and therefor provides considerable strength | Diaphysis |
| Bone cells | Osteoblast |
| containing calcium, other minerals, and protein fibers. | Osteoblast |
| Matures into osteocytes that sit within the hard bones Matrix and maintains the bone. | Osteoblast |
| Osseous tissue | Bones |
| What is osteoclast? | Eroding cavity of this cell remodels and expands the medullary cavity. |
| Responsible for bone resorption. | Osteoclast |
| Bone-building cells | Osteoblast |
| What is a tendon made out of? | Fascia |
| Layers of dense connective tissue | Fascia |
| osteology | study of bones |
| Mostly found in infants | red bone marrow |
| Adults have it only in there sternum, ribs, body of the veterbrae, proximal end of the long bone and crest of the illium | Red bone marrow |
| osteocyte | mature bone cells |
| Bony plate found in spongy bone | trabeulae |
| Articular cartilage | found on the outer surface of the epiphysis |
| Different parts of the Sternum | manubrium,body,and xiphoid process |
| The part of the sternum closest to the collarbone | manubrium |
| The largest part of the sternum | body |
| Lower tip of the sternum | xiphoid process |
| Suprasternal notch | depression on the superior border of the manubrium |
| Manubrosternal joint | located between the manubrium and the body of the breast bone |
| Where is the ulna located | forearm bone (smaller bone) |
| Where is the humerous located | Arm bone.. its connected to your shoulder bone |
| Clavile | collarbone |
| Scapula | Shoulder blade |
| Where is the tibia located | lower leg bone (bigger bone)(distal(below) to the knee) |
| phalanges | Finger bones (14) |
| Where Is the femur located | Thigh bone |
| Metacarpals | Palm bones (5) |
| Carpals | Wrist bone |
| Metatarsals | Instep of foot (not the toes) (5) |
| Where is the radius located | Forearm bone (bigger bone) |
| Calcaneus | foots heal bone |
| Where is the cuboid located | in the foot |
| Appendicular skeleton | upper and lower limbs,pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle |
| Axial skeleton | Cranium, rib cage,vertebral column |
| What are the different sections of the vertebral column (vertebrae) | cevical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx |
| The two bones located in the cevical part of the vertebrae that allow the head to move | atlas and atix |
| The tail of the vertebrae thats connected to the sacrum | coccyx |
| Where blood is formed | bone marrow |
| Dressions in the bone | Foramen, fossa, meatus, sinus |
| foramen | passway of nerves and blood vessels; opening through a bone |
| Fossa | depression or groove |
| Meatus | tunnel; tubelike passageway |
| sinus | a cavity or hollow space |
| Parietal bone | the to side bones of the head |
| temporal bone | close to the side of the ear; Zygomatic process, styoild process,external aduitory meatus, and mastoid process make up this |
| occipital bone | located at the back and base of the head; |
| Foramen magnum | the large hole in the occipital bone |
| Fascia layers | Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium |
| Cheek bones | zygomatic process |
| external aduitory meatus | forms the opening of the ear |
| styoild process | point of attachment of several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx; sharp projection |
| mastoid process | Point of attachment for neck muscles |
| Frontal bone | crown of head and upper part of bony structure of the eye |
| sphenoid bone | butterfly-shaped bone that forms parts of the floor and side of the cranium |
| ethmoid bone | is an irregularly shaped bone located between the eyes orbits ; right where the nose starts |
| mandible | lower jaw bone |
| temporomandibular joint | tmj |
| t in tmj stands for | temporal |
| m in tmj stands for | mandible |
| maxilla | upper jaw bone |
| palatine bone | posterior part of the hard palate (back of the roof of mouth) |
| zygomatic bone | cheek bone |
| sinuses | air-filled cavities of several parts of the cranium |
| scoliosis | lateral curvature (curve) in back |
| kyphosis | hunch back; exaggerated thoracic curvature (curve) |
| lordosis | exaggerated lumbar curvature (curve) called swayed back |
| True ribs | First seven (7) ribs, attach directly to the sternum |
| False ribs | next five (5) ribs, do not connect to the sternum directly |
| floating ribs | last two (2) ribs,do not attach at all; looks like they are floating |
| Pectoral girdle | contains the clavicle and scapula |
| fontanels | babys soft spot; also provides movement |
| Athophy | waste away |
| type of athophy | Disuse,Denervation,senile |
| disuse athophy | not using extremities |
| denervation athrophy | nerves are severed |
| Senile athrophy | normal aging prosses |
| hypertrophy | Growth in response to over use |
| Flexion | bend hand, leg or arm inward |
| Extension | bend leg or arm outward ; to straighten hand |
| eversion | turning foot outward away from other foot |
| inversion | turning sole of foot inward closer to other foot |
| addution | adding to the body or mid-line, bring leg towards body midline |
| abduction | to take away from body or mid-line; move leg side ways |
| supination | turning palm upward so the palm is visible |
| pronation | palm is face downward ; turn palm downward so back hand is visible |
| doriflexion | bend foot upward towards the leg |
| plantor flextion | toe dancing; bend foot down |
| Hyperextention | overextending the hand upward |
| I.n.o stands for | In take and out take |
| frontails | forehead muscles; raises eyebrows |
| external and internal Intercostals | thoracic cavity muscles; helps breathing |
| deltoid | shoulder muscles; abducts,extends, and rotates arm |
| Platysma | lower facial muscles; opens mouth wide |
| orbicularis oculi | eye muscle; closes eye; allows you to wink blink and squint |
| tibialis anterior | foot muscles; doriflexes foot |
| Two aspects of muscle contracton | Eletrical and contractile |
| Ankle and foot muscles | Tibialis anterior and soleus |
| Thigh and leg muscles | Gluteus maxiums,tensor faciae latae, and quadriceps femoris |
| cardiac muscle | Involuntary, striated, and found in heart |
| smooth muscles | involuntary, viseral muscle,and nonstriated |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary,striated,and attached to bone |
| contracture | abnormal fibrous formation in the muscle that freezes in flexed posistion |
| myosin | contracted protein, actins contain binding sites for this, thick_____ filaments sit between the thin filament, ______heads |
| sarcomere | found inside the myofibrils, from z-line to z-line |
| thin filament | actin and troponin |
| thick filaments | myosin |
| contracted proteins | myosin and actin |
| masseter | closes and retrats jaw |
| tonus | muscle tone, to normal continuous state of partical muscles contractions |
| zygomaticus | cheekbone muscle; smiling |
| belly | refers to the enlarged fleshy body of the muscle between the slender points of attachment |
| recruitment | the more motor units activated the greater the force of the contraction |
| motor unit | the nerve and innervated muscles fibers |
| neck muscles | sternocleidomastoid |
| facial muscles | frontalis, obricularies,levator palpebrae superoris, orbicularis oris buccinator, zygomaticus, platysma |
| muscles of the abdominal wall | external and internal obilque; transverse and rectus abdominis |
| Diaphragm | major breathing muscle |
| musles of the shoulders | latissimus dorsi,pectoralis major,deltoid |
| muscles of the forearm | biceps and triceps brachii |
| biceps brachii | bring in arm at the elbow joint |
| triceps brachii | straighten arm at the elbow |
| levator palpebrae superoris | eye muscle; opens eye lids |
| soleus | plantar flextion of foot |
| Neck muscle; turns head | sternocleidomastoid |
| Quadriceps femorius | vastus: lateralis vastus, intermedius vastus,medialis vastus rectus: femoris rectus |
| tensor fasciae latae | thigh muscle; adducts and rotates thigh |
| orbicularis oris buccinator | lips muscle ; close mouth, purses lips, kissing |
| latissimus dorsi | swimmer muscle; adducts and rotates the arm out backward |
| pectoralis major | adduct and rotates arm across chest flex and extends arm |
| temporalis | closes and retracts jaw |
Created by:
jenniferlynnen
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