ThinkPsychology CH09
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| Achievement | a person’s knowledge and progress.
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| Algorithm | a step-by-step procedure that a person can follow to arrive at a solution to a particular problem.
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| Analytic intelligence | a type of intelligence generally assessed by intelligence tests that present well-defined problems with only one correct answer.
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| Aptitude | a person's potential ability
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| Attention | the act of applying the mind selectively to a sense or thought
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| Attentional blink | a type of processing failure characterized by an inability to remember the second element in a pair of rapidly successive stimuli
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| Availability heuristic | a type of heuristic that tells a person that if he or she can bring examples of an event to mind easily, that event must be common
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| Belief bias | the effect that occurs when a person's beliefs distort his or her logical thinking
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| Belief perseverance | a person's tendency to continue believing something even when presented with evidence refuting that belief
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| Cognition | mental activities associated with sensation, perception, thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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| Concepts | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, and people
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| Confirmation bias | a person's tendency to look for evidence that proves his or her beliefs and to ignore evidence that disproves those beliefs
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| Creative intelligence | a type of intelligence characterized by the ability to adapt to new situations, come up with unique and unusual ideas, and think of novel solutions to problems
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| Decision making | the process of selecting and rejecting available options
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| Deductive reasoning | a top-down method of arriving at a specific conclusion based on broader premises
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| Discursive reasoning | see theoretical reasoning
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| Dopamine | a neurotransmitter that helps people make decisions that lead to good outcomes and avoid bad outcomes
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| Emotional intelligence | a person's ability to perceive, understand, manage, and utilitize his or her emotions
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| Endogenous attention | see stimulus-driven selection
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| Executive control systems | parts of the brain that inhibit pleasurable responses so that people can avoid making decisions that feel good but are bad for them
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| Exemplar theory | a theory that claims that people make category judgments by comparing new things they encounter with examples of other things they remember that fit into that category
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| Exogenous attention | See stimulus-driven selection
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| Family resemblance theory | a theory that suggests that people put items in categories together if they share certain characteristics, even if not every member of the category has similar features
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| Filter theory | a theory that states that a person selects stimuli early in the perception process, even before he or she assesses the meaning of the input
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| Framing | the perspective from which people interpret information before making a decision
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| Functional fixedness | a bias that limits a person's ability to think in unconventional ways
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| General intelligence | a common factor that underlies certain mental abilities
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| Goal state | a problem-solving state in which a person has all the information he or she needs
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| Goal-directed selection | a type of attention in which a person makes an explicit choice to pay attention to something
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| Heuristics | informal rules that make the decision-making process quick and simple
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| Hierarchy | a leveled or ranked organization of concept categories based on particular features
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| Hindsight bias | a person's erroneous belief that he or she knew something all along after an event has occurred
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| Inductive reasoning | a method of using specific examples to arrive at a general conclusion
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| Initial state | a problem-solving state in which a person has incomplete or unsatisfactory information
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| Insight | the sudden realization of the solution to a problem
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| Intelligence | the capacity to reason, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge
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| Judgment | a skill that al lows people to form opinions, reach conclusions, and evaluate situations objectively and critically
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| Mental age | the level of ability typical of a child of the same chronological age
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| Mental set | a preexisting state of mind that a person uses to solve problems because that state has helped the person solve similar problems in the past
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| Normal distribution | an instance of frequency distribution in which scores are tracked on a bell-shaped curve with a concentration of data in the center
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| Overconfidence | a person's tendency to think that he or she is more knowledgeable or accurate than he or she really is
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| Perceptual load | the processing difficulty or complexity of a task
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| Practical intelligence | the ability to find many solutions to complicated or poorly defined problems and use those solutions in practical, everyday situations
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| Practical reasoning | a type of reasoning in which a person considers what to do or how to act
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| Problem solving | the act of combining current information with information stored in memory to find a solution to a task
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| Prodigy | a person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
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| Prototype | a mental image or typical example that exhibits all the features associated with a concept
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| Reasoning | a cognitive process of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions
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| Savant syndrome | ability to negotiate new social environments a rare disorder that occasionally accompanies autism in which a person of below-average intelligence has an extraordinary ability
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| Sensory buffer | part of the perceptual system that holds information for a short time before it is accepted or rejected by a filter
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| Set of operations | the steps that a person needs to take to get from the initial state to the goal state
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| Social intelligence | the ability to negotiate new social environments
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| Stimulus-driven capture | is a type of attention that is motivated by external factors.
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| Syllogism | a deductive pattern of logic in which a conclusion is made based on two or more premises
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| Syllogistic reasoning | a type of reasoning in which a person decides whether a conclusion logically follows from two or more statements that the person assumes to be true
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| Theorical reasoning | a type of reasoning directed toward arriving at abelief or conclusion rather than at a practical decision
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