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ThinkPsychology CH09
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Achievement | a person’s knowledge and progress. |
| Algorithm | a step-by-step procedure that a person can follow to arrive at a solution to a particular problem. |
| Analytic intelligence | a type of intelligence generally assessed by intelligence tests that present well-defined problems with only one correct answer. |
| Aptitude | a person's potential ability |
| Attention | the act of applying the mind selectively to a sense or thought |
| Attentional blink | a type of processing failure characterized by an inability to remember the second element in a pair of rapidly successive stimuli |
| Availability heuristic | a type of heuristic that tells a person that if he or she can bring examples of an event to mind easily, that event must be common |
| Belief bias | the effect that occurs when a person's beliefs distort his or her logical thinking |
| Belief perseverance | a person's tendency to continue believing something even when presented with evidence refuting that belief |
| Cognition | mental activities associated with sensation, perception, thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| Concepts | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, and people |
| Confirmation bias | a person's tendency to look for evidence that proves his or her beliefs and to ignore evidence that disproves those beliefs |
| Creative intelligence | a type of intelligence characterized by the ability to adapt to new situations, come up with unique and unusual ideas, and think of novel solutions to problems |
| Decision making | the process of selecting and rejecting available options |
| Deductive reasoning | a top-down method of arriving at a specific conclusion based on broader premises |
| Discursive reasoning | see theoretical reasoning |
| Dopamine | a neurotransmitter that helps people make decisions that lead to good outcomes and avoid bad outcomes |
| Emotional intelligence | a person's ability to perceive, understand, manage, and utilitize his or her emotions |
| Endogenous attention | see stimulus-driven selection |
| Executive control systems | parts of the brain that inhibit pleasurable responses so that people can avoid making decisions that feel good but are bad for them |
| Exemplar theory | a theory that claims that people make category judgments by comparing new things they encounter with examples of other things they remember that fit into that category |
| Exogenous attention | See stimulus-driven selection |
| Family resemblance theory | a theory that suggests that people put items in categories together if they share certain characteristics, even if not every member of the category has similar features |
| Filter theory | a theory that states that a person selects stimuli early in the perception process, even before he or she assesses the meaning of the input |
| Framing | the perspective from which people interpret information before making a decision |
| Functional fixedness | a bias that limits a person's ability to think in unconventional ways |
| General intelligence | a common factor that underlies certain mental abilities |
| Goal state | a problem-solving state in which a person has all the information he or she needs |
| Goal-directed selection | a type of attention in which a person makes an explicit choice to pay attention to something |
| Heuristics | informal rules that make the decision-making process quick and simple |
| Hierarchy | a leveled or ranked organization of concept categories based on particular features |
| Hindsight bias | a person's erroneous belief that he or she knew something all along after an event has occurred |
| Inductive reasoning | a method of using specific examples to arrive at a general conclusion |
| Initial state | a problem-solving state in which a person has incomplete or unsatisfactory information |
| Insight | the sudden realization of the solution to a problem |
| Intelligence | the capacity to reason, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge |
| Judgment | a skill that al lows people to form opinions, reach conclusions, and evaluate situations objectively and critically |
| Mental age | the level of ability typical of a child of the same chronological age |
| Mental set | a preexisting state of mind that a person uses to solve problems because that state has helped the person solve similar problems in the past |
| Normal distribution | an instance of frequency distribution in which scores are tracked on a bell-shaped curve with a concentration of data in the center |
| Overconfidence | a person's tendency to think that he or she is more knowledgeable or accurate than he or she really is |
| Perceptual load | the processing difficulty or complexity of a task |
| Practical intelligence | the ability to find many solutions to complicated or poorly defined problems and use those solutions in practical, everyday situations |
| Practical reasoning | a type of reasoning in which a person considers what to do or how to act |
| Problem solving | the act of combining current information with information stored in memory to find a solution to a task |
| Prodigy | a person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability |
| Prototype | a mental image or typical example that exhibits all the features associated with a concept |
| Reasoning | a cognitive process of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions |
| Savant syndrome | ability to negotiate new social environments a rare disorder that occasionally accompanies autism in which a person of below-average intelligence has an extraordinary ability |
| Sensory buffer | part of the perceptual system that holds information for a short time before it is accepted or rejected by a filter |
| Set of operations | the steps that a person needs to take to get from the initial state to the goal state |
| Social intelligence | the ability to negotiate new social environments |
| Stimulus-driven capture | is a type of attention that is motivated by external factors. |
| Syllogism | a deductive pattern of logic in which a conclusion is made based on two or more premises |
| Syllogistic reasoning | a type of reasoning in which a person decides whether a conclusion logically follows from two or more statements that the person assumes to be true |
| Theorical reasoning | a type of reasoning directed toward arriving at abelief or conclusion rather than at a practical decision |
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