Cellular Biology
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| absolute refractory period | The time when the plasma membrane cannot respond to an additional stimulus; most of the action potential
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| action potential | A rapid change that occurs in the resting membrane
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| active mediated transport | The protein transporter moves molecules against, or up, the concentration gradient.
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| active transport | Process by which molecules are moved in and out of the cell, which requires life, biologic activity & cells expenditure of metabolic energy.
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| amphipathic | One part is hydrophobic (uncharged or water hating) and another part is hydrophilic(charged or water loving)
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| anabolism | The energy-using process of metabolism
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| anaphase | The phase that begins when centromeres split & the sister chromatids are pulled apart
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| anion | Ions that carry a negative charge & migrate toward the positive pole or cathode in the presence of
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| antiport | The process of two molecules moving simultaneously in opposite directions
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| arrested (resting) (G0)state | Cells that are started of growth factors come to a halt after mitosis & enter this state.
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| autocrine signaling | Signals that cells produce that they alone respond to i.e. cancer cells
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| basement membrane | Type IV collagen; laminin; proteoglycan
Part of the extracellular matrix
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| catabolism | The energy-releasing process of metabolism
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| cation | Ions with a positive charge
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| caveolae | (tiny caves); these dimple the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
Serve as a storage site for many receptors & provide a route for transport into the cell
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| caveolin | Scaffolding protein that is the main component
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| cell adhesion molecule (CAM) | Proteins that allow cells to hook together & form attachments of the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape.
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| cell cycle | The alternation between mitosis & interphase in all tissues with cellular turnover
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| cell junction | The specialized plasma membrane regions that interconnect cells in direct physical contact with neighboring cells.
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| cell-to-cell adhesion | Groups of cells held together robustly to form tissues & organs.
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| cellular metabolism | All of the chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions
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| cellular receptor | Protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize & bind with ligands
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| centromere | Spindle site of the chromatid
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| chemical synapse | The specialized junctions that neurotransmitters are released from to allow neurons to communicate directly with the cells
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| chromatid | Two identical halves of a chromosome
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| chromatin | The combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell
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| citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle) | Most ATP is generated during this final phase;
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| clathrin | coat or bristles may be responsible for trapping membrane receptors in coated pits.
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| coated pit | Specialized areas of the membrane that cluster, aggregate & immobilize receptors.
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| collagen | Forms cablelike fibers or sheets that provide tensile strength or resistance to longitudinal stress.
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| competitive inhibitor | Solute binding blocked by this; They compete for the same receptor site & may or may not be transported by the transport protein.
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| concentration gradient | The difference in concentration of a molecule
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| connective tissue | The matrix and the cells within the extracellular matrix and they interconnect cells to form tissue & organs.
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| connexon | Joining proteins that extend outward from each of the adjacent plasma membranes.
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| cytokinesis | Cytoplasmic division
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| cytoplasm | The fluid filling on the eukaryotic cell
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| cytoplasmic matrix | The space between the nuclear envelope & the plasma membrane.
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| cytosol | The aqueous solution that cytoplasm is in
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| contact-dependent-signaling | Requires cells to be in close membrane-membrane contact
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| daugther cell |
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| depolarization |
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| desmosome |
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| differentiation | The process that cells become specialized.
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| diffusion |
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| digestion |
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| effective osmolality |
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| elastin | Rubber-like protein fiber most abundant in tissues that must be capable of stretching & recoiling. i.e. lungs
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| electrolyte |
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| electron-transport chain |
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| endocytosis |
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| equatorial plate (metaphase plate) |
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| eukaryote | Larger & have more extensive intracellular anatomy & organization than prokaryotes;
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| exocytosis |
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| extracellular matrix | An intricate meshwork of fibrous proteins embedded in a watery, gel-like substance composed of complex carbohydrates.
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