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Patho Ch1
Cellular Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| absolute refractory period | The time when the plasma membrane cannot respond to an additional stimulus; most of the action potential |
| action potential | A rapid change that occurs in the resting membrane |
| active mediated transport | The protein transporter moves molecules against, or up, the concentration gradient. |
| active transport | Process by which molecules are moved in and out of the cell, which requires life, biologic activity & cells expenditure of metabolic energy. |
| amphipathic | One part is hydrophobic (uncharged or water hating) and another part is hydrophilic(charged or water loving) |
| anabolism | The energy-using process of metabolism |
| anaphase | The phase that begins when centromeres split & the sister chromatids are pulled apart |
| anion | Ions that carry a negative charge & migrate toward the positive pole or cathode in the presence of |
| antiport | The process of two molecules moving simultaneously in opposite directions |
| arrested (resting) (G0)state | Cells that are started of growth factors come to a halt after mitosis & enter this state. |
| autocrine signaling | Signals that cells produce that they alone respond to i.e. cancer cells |
| basement membrane | Type IV collagen; laminin; proteoglycan Part of the extracellular matrix |
| catabolism | The energy-releasing process of metabolism |
| cation | Ions with a positive charge |
| caveolae | (tiny caves); these dimple the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Serve as a storage site for many receptors & provide a route for transport into the cell |
| caveolin | Scaffolding protein that is the main component |
| cell adhesion molecule (CAM) | Proteins that allow cells to hook together & form attachments of the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape. |
| cell cycle | The alternation between mitosis & interphase in all tissues with cellular turnover |
| cell junction | The specialized plasma membrane regions that interconnect cells in direct physical contact with neighboring cells. |
| cell-to-cell adhesion | Groups of cells held together robustly to form tissues & organs. |
| cellular metabolism | All of the chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions |
| cellular receptor | Protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize & bind with ligands |
| centromere | Spindle site of the chromatid |
| chemical synapse | The specialized junctions that neurotransmitters are released from to allow neurons to communicate directly with the cells |
| chromatid | Two identical halves of a chromosome |
| chromatin | The combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell |
| citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle) | Most ATP is generated during this final phase; |
| clathrin | coat or bristles may be responsible for trapping membrane receptors in coated pits. |
| coated pit | Specialized areas of the membrane that cluster, aggregate & immobilize receptors. |
| collagen | Forms cablelike fibers or sheets that provide tensile strength or resistance to longitudinal stress. |
| competitive inhibitor | Solute binding blocked by this; They compete for the same receptor site & may or may not be transported by the transport protein. |
| concentration gradient | The difference in concentration of a molecule |
| connective tissue | The matrix and the cells within the extracellular matrix and they interconnect cells to form tissue & organs. |
| connexon | Joining proteins that extend outward from each of the adjacent plasma membranes. |
| cytokinesis | Cytoplasmic division |
| cytoplasm | The fluid filling on the eukaryotic cell |
| cytoplasmic matrix | The space between the nuclear envelope & the plasma membrane. |
| cytosol | The aqueous solution that cytoplasm is in |
| contact-dependent-signaling | Requires cells to be in close membrane-membrane contact |
| daugther cell | |
| depolarization | |
| desmosome | |
| differentiation | The process that cells become specialized. |
| diffusion | |
| digestion | |
| effective osmolality | |
| elastin | Rubber-like protein fiber most abundant in tissues that must be capable of stretching & recoiling. i.e. lungs |
| electrolyte | |
| electron-transport chain | |
| endocytosis | |
| equatorial plate (metaphase plate) | |
| eukaryote | Larger & have more extensive intracellular anatomy & organization than prokaryotes; |
| exocytosis | |
| extracellular matrix | An intricate meshwork of fibrous proteins embedded in a watery, gel-like substance composed of complex carbohydrates. |
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