Introduction to Learning and Behavior-Chapter 2 Vocab
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| Appetitive stimulus | An event that an organism will seek out
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| Aversive stimulus | An event that an organism will avoid
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| Baseline | The normal frequency of a behavior prior to some intervention
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| Case Study Approach | A descriptive research approach that involves intensive examination of one or a few individuals
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| Changing-criterion design | A type of single-subject design in which the effect of the treatment is demonstrated by the extent to which the behavior matches a criterion that is systematically altered
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| Contingency | A predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of the other.
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| Control group design | A type of experiment in which, as its simplest, subjects are randomly assigned to either an experimental (or treatment) group and a control group; subjects assigned to the experimental group are exposed to a certain manipulation or treatment while those a
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| Covert behavior | Behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior. Thoughts and feelings are covert behaviors
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| Cumulative recorder | A device that measures total number of responses over time and provides a graphic depiction of the rate of behavior
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| Dependent variable | That aspect of an experiment that is allowed to freely vary to determine if it is affected by changes in the independent variable
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| Deprivation | The prolonged absence of an event that tends to increase the appetitiveness of that event
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| Descriptive research | Research that focuses on describing the behavior and the situation within which it occurs
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| Duration | The length of time that an individual repeatedly or continuously performs a certain behavior
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| Establishing Operation | A procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus
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| Functional relationship | The relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable; a cause-and-effect relationship
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| Independent variable | That aspect of an experiment that is made to systematically vary across the different conditions in an experiment
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| Intensity | The force or magnitude of a behavior
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| Interval recording | The measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals. (The number of times that it occurs within each interval is irrelevant).
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| Latency | The length of time required for a behavior to begin
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| Multiple-baseline design | A type of single-subject design in which a treatment is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors
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| Naturalistic observation | A descriptive research approach that involves the systematic observation and recording of behavior in its natural environment
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| Overt behavior | Behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior
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| Rate of response | The frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time
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| Response | A particular instance of a behavior
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| Reversal design | A type of single-subject design that involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period
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| Satiation | The prolonged exposure to (or consumption of) an event that tends to decrease the appetitiveness of that event
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| Simple-comparison design | A type of single-subject design in which behavior in a baseline condition is compared to behavior in a treatment condition
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| Single-subject design | A research design that requires only one or a few subjects in order to conduct an entire experiment
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| Spatial contiguity | The extent to which events are situated close to each other in space
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| Speed | The amount of time required to perform a complete episode of a behavior from start to finish
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| Stimulus | Any event that can potentially influence behavior
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| Temporal contiguity | The extent to which events occur close together in time
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| Time sample recording | The measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of discontinuous intervals. (The number of times that it occurs within each interval is irrelevant)
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| Topography | The physical form of a behavior
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| Variable | A characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change (vary) over time or from one situation to another
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