Psychopharmacology.
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| Central Nervous System | includes the brain and the spinal cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System | includes nerves that originate in the spinal cord and that connect the spinal cord to the organs of the body
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| Brain Stem | Portion of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, that connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and cerebrum. Important in the regulation of vital body functions; also involved in behavioral alerting
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| Five Major Sections | Hindbrain (Myelencephalon - Medulla; Metencephalon - Cerebellum & Pons) Midbrain - Mesencephalon and Forebrain (Diencephalon - Thalamus & Hypothalamus; Telencephalon - Cortex/cerebrum, Limbic System, and Basal Ganglia)
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| Cerebellum | necessary for the proper integration of movement and posture
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| Hypothalamus | Principal center in the brain responsible for the integration of our entire autonomic (involuntary or vegetative) nervous system; Specifically, the circadian rhythm, sleep cycles, appetite, and sex drive
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| Dendrites | receive and conduct information to the cell body
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| Axon | removes the electrochemical energy away from the cell body and into the terminal bouton
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| Synapse | The tiny space between nerve cells where neurotransmitter molecules are released
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| Action Potential | The brief change in electrical potential from the cell's resting state
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| Presynaptic Neuron | The neuron that releases the neurotransmitters
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| Postsynaptic Neuron | The neuron that receives the neurotransmitters
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| Conduction transmission | The process of impulse movement along the axon
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| Vesicles | Tiny containers that store the neurotransmitter molecules manufactured in the cell body
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| Receptors | Protein molecules that have been produced in the neuron and are embedded in the cell membrane
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| Ionic actions | Responsible for rapid and transient changes in nerve cell activity
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| Metabotropic actions | Involve gradual changes in neuronal functioning that take place over hours, days, weeks, or even months
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| Cerebral cortex | Highest area of the brain; responsible for much of human perception, complex cognitive processes, reality testing, and initiation of behavior, and judgment
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| Limbic System | Includes the amygdala, septum, cingulate, and hippocampus. It is involved in appraisal of emotional stimuli, initiation of emotional responses, and shutting down reactivity thus returning body to a state of homeostasis
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| Amygdala | Has the capacity to register, perceive, and analyze sensory data; appraisal of environmental stressors is crude
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| Autonomic Nervous System | innervates involuntary organs, such as the heart, smooth muscles, and glands
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| Sympathetic nervous system | Set in motion by the limbic system and hypothalamus, the SNS mobilizes the body to take action in response to dangerous situations
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| Parasympathetic system | Activated at times of relaxation and quiescence, acts to reduce heart rate and blood pressure in an overall attempt to conserve energy
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| Glutamate | Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
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| GABA | Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
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| Cortex | Database and processor of external inputs; Converts external and internal sensory signals to recognizable data; stores data
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| Temporal Lobe and Hippocampus | RAM; Involved in memory and attention; Pathway for all information processed in posterior areas of the cerebral cortex
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| Frontal Cortex | Software programs
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| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex | attending, planning, responding; involved in ADHD
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| Orbiofrontal Cortex | judgment, moderating emotions and behavior, detecting internal danger; hyperactive in OCD
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| Ventral Medial | attention, drive, motivation, mood; involved in depression
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| Amygdala and Basal Ganglia | Processor and Output Functions
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| Amygdala | Attach emotional meaning and affective color to memories; intensifying memory; triggering basic responses of pleasure or flight/fight
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| Basal Ganglia | Processing Function; integrate and modulate information for mood, movement, and cognition
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| Ventral Striatum | Includes the nucleus accumbens; involved in reward, motivation, cognition, and emotion
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| Dorsal Striatum | modulates muscle activity
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| Thalamus | Clock determining the rate of processing; the gate for information going into the cortex; determines the rate of mental activity; protects the cortex from overload
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| Mid-brain | Tune the activity in upper levels of the brain; modulate activity in higher levels of the brain
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| What conditions results from decreased levels of serotonin? | Depression, anxiety (including OCD and Tourette's), and eating disorders
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| What parts of the brain do antidepressants effect? | Frontal cortex-limbic system (mood); Amygdala-midbrain (anxiety); Spinal Cord (antidepressants can interfere with pain and signal transmission.
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| Immediate effects of antidepressants | activation, hypomanic symptoms, agitation or akithisia, immediate antidepressant effect, immediate incidental (adverse) effects
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| Mechanisms to increase neurotransmitters | Reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibition, autoreceptor inhibition
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| What is an adequate trial of a particular antidepressant med? | Above average dosage for at least 6 weeks
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| What are the universal adverse effects of antidepressant meds? | Activation, hypomanic systems, agitation or akithisia, and suicidal ideation
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| Pharmacokinetics | Describes the time course of a particular drug's actions - the time to onset and the duration of the effect. (ADME - absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination)
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| Enternal routes | Refer to administration involving the gastrointestinal tract (orally or rectally)
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| Parenteral routes | Refer to administration that does not involve the GI tract (injected, inhaled, absorbed through skin, absorbed through mucous membranes)
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| Soluble | Means that a drug is able to dissolve; required in order for drug to be effective
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| Prodrug | Must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming an active pharmacological agent
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| Passive diffusion | passing from an area of high concentration into an area of low concentration
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| Kidneys | Excrete most of the products of body metabolism. They closely regulate the levels of most of the substances found in body fluids
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| Cytochrome P450 enzyme family | Major system involved in drug metabolism physically located in hepatocytes
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| Tolerance | develops as the blood level for a given amount taken falls more rapidly than would be expected if tolerance had not developed
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| Adverse effects of serotonin? | sexual dysfunction, insomnia, weight gain, GI sx
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| Adverse effects of norepinephrine? | Anxiety, weight loss, restlessness, tremor, insomnia, hypertension
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| Adverse effects of anticholinergic? | dry mouth, cognitive impairment, tachycardia, constipation, urinary retention
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| Adverse effects of anti alpha adrenergic? | hypotension
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| Adverse effects of Antihistaminic? | Drowsiness and inattention
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| Parietal/Occipital Cerebral Cortex | Harddrive; converts external sensory signals to recognizable data; stores data for long term
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| Putamen and Caudate | Related to reward and motivation
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| Locus Coeruleus | Flight/fight behaviors (located in brainstem)
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| Periaquaductal nucleus | freezing/avoidance behaviors (located in brainstem)
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| Two pathways cortisol is increased by amygdala? | Hypothalamus and adrenal cortex
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| How does the amygdala impact basal forebrain? | promote attention and concentration
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| How does the amygdala impact brainstem? | Activates the sympathetic nervous system and cortisol levels
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| How does frontal lobe counteract anxiety? | It processes sensory information that is coming in to the individual and discriminates whether the situation is truly dangerous or not
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| What impact does serotonin neurons have on anxiety? | Turns off the amygdala and brainstem
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| What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system use? | Norepinephrine
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| How does the amygdala impact the hippocampus? | When there is a sense of fear it just keeps reinforcing the trauma
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| Two ways beta blockers are helpful with individuals who have anxiety? | helps diminish the intensity of the body and minds reaction to danger (also takes away physiological symptoms - ex. shakiness)
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| What are medications to help new memories? | Cycloserine and Prazosine
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| What happens when the autoreceptor is active? | Less neurotransmitter released
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| What happens when the autoreceptor is blocked? | Allows more of the neurotransmitter to be released
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| What is the difference between fear and anxiety? | Fear is of current danger, while anxiety is of future danger
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| Psychomotor hyperactivity | Fast thoughts, fast speech, high energy, and very active
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| Astrocytes | Responsible for controlling access between blood stream and brain (establishes blood brain barrier by tight connections around capillaries) inactivate neurotransmitters
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