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Psychopharmacology.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Central Nervous System | includes the brain and the spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | includes nerves that originate in the spinal cord and that connect the spinal cord to the organs of the body |
| Brain Stem | Portion of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, that connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and cerebrum. Important in the regulation of vital body functions; also involved in behavioral alerting |
| Five Major Sections | Hindbrain (Myelencephalon - Medulla; Metencephalon - Cerebellum & Pons) Midbrain - Mesencephalon and Forebrain (Diencephalon - Thalamus & Hypothalamus; Telencephalon - Cortex/cerebrum, Limbic System, and Basal Ganglia) |
| Cerebellum | necessary for the proper integration of movement and posture |
| Hypothalamus | Principal center in the brain responsible for the integration of our entire autonomic (involuntary or vegetative) nervous system; Specifically, the circadian rhythm, sleep cycles, appetite, and sex drive |
| Dendrites | receive and conduct information to the cell body |
| Axon | removes the electrochemical energy away from the cell body and into the terminal bouton |
| Synapse | The tiny space between nerve cells where neurotransmitter molecules are released |
| Action Potential | The brief change in electrical potential from the cell's resting state |
| Presynaptic Neuron | The neuron that releases the neurotransmitters |
| Postsynaptic Neuron | The neuron that receives the neurotransmitters |
| Conduction transmission | The process of impulse movement along the axon |
| Vesicles | Tiny containers that store the neurotransmitter molecules manufactured in the cell body |
| Receptors | Protein molecules that have been produced in the neuron and are embedded in the cell membrane |
| Ionic actions | Responsible for rapid and transient changes in nerve cell activity |
| Metabotropic actions | Involve gradual changes in neuronal functioning that take place over hours, days, weeks, or even months |
| Cerebral cortex | Highest area of the brain; responsible for much of human perception, complex cognitive processes, reality testing, and initiation of behavior, and judgment |
| Limbic System | Includes the amygdala, septum, cingulate, and hippocampus. It is involved in appraisal of emotional stimuli, initiation of emotional responses, and shutting down reactivity thus returning body to a state of homeostasis |
| Amygdala | Has the capacity to register, perceive, and analyze sensory data; appraisal of environmental stressors is crude |
| Autonomic Nervous System | innervates involuntary organs, such as the heart, smooth muscles, and glands |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Set in motion by the limbic system and hypothalamus, the SNS mobilizes the body to take action in response to dangerous situations |
| Parasympathetic system | Activated at times of relaxation and quiescence, acts to reduce heart rate and blood pressure in an overall attempt to conserve energy |
| Glutamate | Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain |
| GABA | Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain |
| Cortex | Database and processor of external inputs; Converts external and internal sensory signals to recognizable data; stores data |
| Temporal Lobe and Hippocampus | RAM; Involved in memory and attention; Pathway for all information processed in posterior areas of the cerebral cortex |
| Frontal Cortex | Software programs |
| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex | attending, planning, responding; involved in ADHD |
| Orbiofrontal Cortex | judgment, moderating emotions and behavior, detecting internal danger; hyperactive in OCD |
| Ventral Medial | attention, drive, motivation, mood; involved in depression |
| Amygdala and Basal Ganglia | Processor and Output Functions |
| Amygdala | Attach emotional meaning and affective color to memories; intensifying memory; triggering basic responses of pleasure or flight/fight |
| Basal Ganglia | Processing Function; integrate and modulate information for mood, movement, and cognition |
| Ventral Striatum | Includes the nucleus accumbens; involved in reward, motivation, cognition, and emotion |
| Dorsal Striatum | modulates muscle activity |
| Thalamus | Clock determining the rate of processing; the gate for information going into the cortex; determines the rate of mental activity; protects the cortex from overload |
| Mid-brain | Tune the activity in upper levels of the brain; modulate activity in higher levels of the brain |
| What conditions results from decreased levels of serotonin? | Depression, anxiety (including OCD and Tourette's), and eating disorders |
| What parts of the brain do antidepressants effect? | Frontal cortex-limbic system (mood); Amygdala-midbrain (anxiety); Spinal Cord (antidepressants can interfere with pain and signal transmission. |
| Immediate effects of antidepressants | activation, hypomanic symptoms, agitation or akithisia, immediate antidepressant effect, immediate incidental (adverse) effects |
| Mechanisms to increase neurotransmitters | Reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibition, autoreceptor inhibition |
| What is an adequate trial of a particular antidepressant med? | Above average dosage for at least 6 weeks |
| What are the universal adverse effects of antidepressant meds? | Activation, hypomanic systems, agitation or akithisia, and suicidal ideation |
| Pharmacokinetics | Describes the time course of a particular drug's actions - the time to onset and the duration of the effect. (ADME - absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) |
| Enternal routes | Refer to administration involving the gastrointestinal tract (orally or rectally) |
| Parenteral routes | Refer to administration that does not involve the GI tract (injected, inhaled, absorbed through skin, absorbed through mucous membranes) |
| Soluble | Means that a drug is able to dissolve; required in order for drug to be effective |
| Prodrug | Must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming an active pharmacological agent |
| Passive diffusion | passing from an area of high concentration into an area of low concentration |
| Kidneys | Excrete most of the products of body metabolism. They closely regulate the levels of most of the substances found in body fluids |
| Cytochrome P450 enzyme family | Major system involved in drug metabolism physically located in hepatocytes |
| Tolerance | develops as the blood level for a given amount taken falls more rapidly than would be expected if tolerance had not developed |
| Adverse effects of serotonin? | sexual dysfunction, insomnia, weight gain, GI sx |
| Adverse effects of norepinephrine? | Anxiety, weight loss, restlessness, tremor, insomnia, hypertension |
| Adverse effects of anticholinergic? | dry mouth, cognitive impairment, tachycardia, constipation, urinary retention |
| Adverse effects of anti alpha adrenergic? | hypotension |
| Adverse effects of Antihistaminic? | Drowsiness and inattention |
| Parietal/Occipital Cerebral Cortex | Harddrive; converts external sensory signals to recognizable data; stores data for long term |
| Putamen and Caudate | Related to reward and motivation |
| Locus Coeruleus | Flight/fight behaviors (located in brainstem) |
| Periaquaductal nucleus | freezing/avoidance behaviors (located in brainstem) |
| Two pathways cortisol is increased by amygdala? | Hypothalamus and adrenal cortex |
| How does the amygdala impact basal forebrain? | promote attention and concentration |
| How does the amygdala impact brainstem? | Activates the sympathetic nervous system and cortisol levels |
| How does frontal lobe counteract anxiety? | It processes sensory information that is coming in to the individual and discriminates whether the situation is truly dangerous or not |
| What impact does serotonin neurons have on anxiety? | Turns off the amygdala and brainstem |
| What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system use? | Norepinephrine |
| How does the amygdala impact the hippocampus? | When there is a sense of fear it just keeps reinforcing the trauma |
| Two ways beta blockers are helpful with individuals who have anxiety? | helps diminish the intensity of the body and minds reaction to danger (also takes away physiological symptoms - ex. shakiness) |
| What are medications to help new memories? | Cycloserine and Prazosine |
| What happens when the autoreceptor is active? | Less neurotransmitter released |
| What happens when the autoreceptor is blocked? | Allows more of the neurotransmitter to be released |
| What is the difference between fear and anxiety? | Fear is of current danger, while anxiety is of future danger |
| Psychomotor hyperactivity | Fast thoughts, fast speech, high energy, and very active |
| Astrocytes | Responsible for controlling access between blood stream and brain (establishes blood brain barrier by tight connections around capillaries) inactivate neurotransmitters |
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p31nprogress
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