Japanese E-2 CH11 Grammar
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| Expressing resultant state | て-form + いる for verbs expressing wearing clothes or accessories. Also for verbs that indicate an instataneous change of state or transfer.
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| Expressing ongoing action, construction | て-form + いる
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| Expressing ongoing action, explanation | expresses ongoing action for certain action verbs that indicate activities that take place for a period of time.
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| Expressing ongoing action, examples | eating, drinking, raining, reading, wind blowing, etc.
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| て-form + いる, common usage modication | often shortened to て-form + る in conversation (both casual and formal)
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| Expressing habitual action, explanation | Many verbs, including action verbs or change-of-state verbs, can be used to express habitual action with the verb て-form + いる
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| Expressing habitual action, example | よくジャケットをきている。
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| Plain past form, compatible structures, examples | ので, ～んです, から and けど, とおもう, and noun modification.
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| Plain past affirmative form, verbs | Take て-form and replace て with た (or だ)
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| Plain past affirmative form, い-adjectives, affirmative | かった instead of い.
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| Plain past affirmative form, い-adjectives, affirmative, comparison to polite past affirmative form | です removed from かったです ending. (both replace い)
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| Plain past affirmative form, な-adjectives, affirmative | add だった after the adjective
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| Plain past affirmative form, な-adjectives, affirmative, comparison to plain present affirmative form | だ becomes だった
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| Plain past affirmative form, noun + copula | the same as な adjectives
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| Plain past negative form | replace the plain present negative ending, ない, with なかった
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| Plain forms in casual conversation, uses, social context | among close friends and family members because indicates closeness, intimacy, and carefree attitudes. Can be used by superiors toward social inferiors to show close carefree attitudes.
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| Polite forms in conversation, uses, social context | indicates awareness of the listener's presence and intends to main a proper social distance. Use for someone with a higher social status or who is much older, in order to show respect. Indicates awareness of social different and that not true equals.
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| Choosing between plain form and polite form, general rule | Depends on the speaker's perception about his/her social relationship with his/her interlocutor.
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| Choosing between plain form and polite form, another example situation | Very common for two people ofthe same age group to start a conversation with polite form but switch to plain form as the conversation progresses.
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| うん | casual form of はい or ええ
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| ううん | casual form of いいえ
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| Particles often ommitted in conversations | は, が, を
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| Questions in casual conversation, question particle | か is often ommitted. A rising inotation is used toward the end of the question instead.
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| Questions in casual conversation, written records | ？ will be written instead of か
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| Questions in casual conversation, copula verbs and な-adjectives | だ from copula verbs and な-adjectives also deleted in questions.
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| Statements in casual conversations, copula verbs and な-adjectives in sentences terminating in ね and よ | deleting だ makes the speech some feminine
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| んです plain form | んだ or の.
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| んです plain form, questions | の is usually used, not んだ
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| ～てください, casual conversation version | ～て
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| い-adjectives, adverbial form | く-form
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| な-adjectives, adverbial form | add に after the adjective
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| Adverbial form usage | used to modify a verb indicating how an action takes place
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| Adverbial forms, expressing changes of state or outcome | adverbial form + する and adverbial form + なる
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| Adverbial forms, expressing changes of state or outcome, nouns | nouns can be made into adverbs like な-adjectives
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| Adverbial form + する | to make something/someone (into) ～
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| Adverbial form + なる | to become ～
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| Expressing uncertainty using ～でしょう, ～かもしれない, and ～かな, verb form | plain form
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| Expressing uncertainty using ～でしょう, ～かもしれない, and ～かな, い-adjective form | plain form
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| Expressing uncertainty using ～でしょう, ～かもしれない, and ～かな, な-adjective and noun + copula form | plain form, but without だ
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| でしょう | expresses a probability of probably to must be/must have been. Can be used for future or past events or actions.
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| ～でしょう, a first usage | commonly used in weather forecasts
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| ～でしょう, a second usage | used in casual situations with a rising intonation to ask for confirmation
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| ～でしょうか | a way to ask a question that is more polite than ですか
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| ~でしょう, a third usage | used with たぶん
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| たぶん | perhaps
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| でしょう, plain form | だっろ
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| ~だっろか | can be interpreted as a self-direction question. でしょうか, on the other hand, is always interpretated as a polite question
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| かもしれない | Might. Expresses a probablity or conjecture of 50% or lower. Like でしょう, it can also be used for future or past events or actions.
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| かな | I wonder. Speaker asking himself or herself about something. Cannot be used to speak about other people. Present tense only. Can only be used by the speaker.
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| かな, politeness | Do not "use" with "superiors," because "fairly informal." Cannot be used in a 'straightforward question like ～でしょうか, but can be used to solicit the listener's answer indirectly.'
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| かしら | feminine version of かな
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