Study cards for the biology final 2013
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| inherited as factors from parent to offspring. | traits
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| are less likely to be inherited together if they are far apart on the chromosome | linked genes
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| predict the traits of offspring | principles of probability
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| during gamete formation genes of different traits separate without influencing each other | principle of independent assortment
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| Cross a chicken with black feathers with a chicken that has white feather. All the chicks have "blue" (a blend of black and white) feathers. | Codominance inheritance
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| Complex traits such as human skin color or height | polygenic inheritance
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| These assort independently | chromosomes
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| True breeding tall plant crossed with true breeding short plant | F1 plants inherit tall allele from tall parent; short allele from short parent.
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| If genes for different traits are linked | F2 plants would show different phenotype ratios for both traits
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| Offspring from cross between two, true breeding parents of different forms | Hybrids
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| Cross true breeding purple flower with true breeding white flower. All F1 are purple. | Allele for purple is dominant
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| A pea plant has a recessive allele for green color seeds. It will make green seeds only if? | it does not have a dominant, yellow seed color allele present
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| Organisms with two identical alleles for a trait | Homozygous
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| Punnett squares do not show | Actual results for a genetic cross
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| Two genes are on the same chromosome and rarely assort independently | the genes are probably located close together
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| Cross a true breeding tall plant with a true breeding short plant. The probability of a tall plant in F2 is? | 75% tall 3:4
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| Nucleotide with deoxyribose, phosphate group, cytosine | DNA nucleotide
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| Replication produces two DNA molecules | Each having one original DNA strand and one new DNA strand
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| DNA with CTAGGT What is the complement? | DNA with GATCCA
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| Translation is the process that the cell uses to do what? | The cell makes proteins from mRNA
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| The number of codons to make 3 amino acids | 3
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| Transcription makes what? | RNA molecules
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| The type of amino acid that is added to a polypeptide chain during translation | depends on the codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA
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| Genes are instructions for making what? | proteins
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| These are both found in DNA and RNA nucleotides | phosphate group, guanine, and cytosine
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| DNA is copied by this process | Replication
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| Mendel removed the male parts from the flowers | to prevent self-pollination
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| An amino acid can have more than one codon, because | there are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids
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| The sugar in RNA | Ribose
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| The base found in RNA only | Uracil
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| types of RNA involved with making a protein | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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| This RNA is the blueprint for a protein. | mRNA
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| The nucleus contains | DNA molecule, histone and chromosome
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| The Human Genome Project attempted to what? | Find the sequence for the entire human genome
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| A normal human karyotype contains | 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
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| A karyotype allows for the observation of | an extra chromosome
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| The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis | Nondisjunction
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| An open circle on a pedigree | female without the trait
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| Uses for a pedigree include | if the trait can be inherited
and which allele is dominant and which is recessive
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| It is most unlikely to see this on a pedigree. | All symbols half-shaded; everyone's a carrier and no one has the trait.
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| The sex-linked allele for color blindness is found | on the X chromosome of pair 23
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| The DNA sequences from the Human Genome Project | are available to researchers all over the world
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| Some gametes may have an extra copy of a chromosome, if | non-disjunction occurs in meiosis
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| The likelihood of a woman having a baby with Down syndrome | Increases with the age of the mother
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| The chromosome error when a part is repeated | a duplication
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| Colorblindness is more common in males | the recessive allele is found on the X chromosome
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| The chances a child will have a sex-link recessive trait from a female carrier married to a male with the trait | 50% 2:4
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| A person with one copy of the allele for a recessive disorder and does not show the trait | A carrier
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| A restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule and leave complementary sticky ends | C-T-T-A-A- G-
C- -A-A-T-T-C-
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| The first step in genetically engineering bacteria to make a human protein. | Cut the gene out of human DNA using a restriction enzyme.
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| A cell takes in DNA from another source. | Genetic modification
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| A bacterium such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens | used to genetically modify plants
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| Two cell types used to make animal clones. | body cell (somatic cell) and an egg cell
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| Recombinant DNA technology combines | genetic material from different sources into one DNA molecule
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| they can study specific genes | when researchers know the organism's DNA sequence
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| The father of a colorblind boy may be colorblind. | True
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| Lethal dominant alleles are less common because | most people with dominant disorders die before having children.
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| A plasmid, a foreign gene and recombinant DNA are all found in | Genetically modified bacterium
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| The technique to make transgenic organisms | genetic modification
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| An advantage of a transgenic plant | Increased herbicide resistance
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| An advantage to using genetically engineered bacteria to produce a human protein | Genetically engineered bacterium can mass-produce a pure human protein
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| The start signal for transcription | a promoter
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| Charles Darwin made observations during his voyage on the Beagle in this continent. | South America
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| Charles Darwin observed on the Galapagos Islands | somewhat similar species to those on the mainland but with traits suited for their environments
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| One adaptation Darwin observed in species of finches | the birds' different shaped beaks
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| Similar number of bones and their locations between fossil vertebrates and living vertebrates. | Explained on the basis of a common ancestor
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| Certain individual organisms leave more offspring than others of the same species. | Because they possess inherited adaptations well-suited to the environment
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| Combined alleles of all individuals that make up a population | gene pool
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| The ability of the individual to contribute to the gene pool of the next generation | biological fitness
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| A pelvis and a femur in a whale | examples of vestigial structures
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| Medicines that kill or slow the growth of bacteria | antibiotics
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| A change in the gene pool of a population due to random chance | genetic drift
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| Darwin's theory of evolution is based on | variation and natural selection
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| Farmers selecting animals or plants to use for breeding are looking for traits that | are of value to humans
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| In genetic drift, the allele frequencies change due to | chance
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| A man and a woman, both heterozygous for normal skin pigmentation have an albino child. | Mendel's principle of dominance and segregation
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| Cross a true breeding tall plant with a true breeding short plant. If alleles did not segregate during gamete formation, | all F2 plants would be tall
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| Mendel crossed a true breeding tall pea plant with a true breeding short plant, the F1 plants inherited | an allele for tallness from the tall parent, and an allele for shortness from the short parent
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| A Punnett square for two different traits shows the genes for each trait | assort independently
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| A Punnett square for a cross between a homozygous tall and a heterozygous tall plant. | All offspring will be tall.
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| Homologous chromosomes switching sections with each other | crossing over
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| The process of meiosis makes... | gametes
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| Meiosis results in how many cells? | four genetically different cells
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| In cancer, cells lose the ability | to control their rate of division
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| The first phase of mitosis | prophase
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| Parts of the cell cycle that are not in mitosis | S phase, interphase, cytokinesis
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| The mitotic phase of the cell cycle can be divided into | cytokinesis and mitosis
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| The cell cycle can be described as | a series of events that cell go through from "birth" to reproduction
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| The stage of the cell cycle that results in two daughter cells | mitotic phase (cytokinesis and mitosis)
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| The cell cycle includes | G1, G2, and M (mitotic) phase
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| The part of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated | S phase
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| Crossing-over rarely occurs in mitosis (unlike meiosis) because | tetrads rarely form during mitosis
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| An organism's gametes have how many chromosomes compared to its body cells? | half
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| Meiosis results in the formation of what kind of cells? | haploid
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| A mass of cancer cells | malignant tumor
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| One difference between cytokinesis in plants versus and animal cells | plants have a cell plate form during cytokinesis
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| the region of sister chromatids where they connect | centromere
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| The opposite arms of a chromosome are made of | sister chromatids
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| When are chromosomes, paired as sister chromatids, visible | during prophase and metaphase
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| what events occur during interphase? | metabolic processes
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| Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases. | True statement
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| G1, S, and G2 phases are known collectively as | Interphase
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| During this phase, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell | metaphase
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