Ch 7, 8, 9
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Learning | show 🗑
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| show | when two stimuli become associated with one another, such that one stimulus now triggers a response that previously was triggered by the other stimulus
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| show | Organisms learn to associate their responses with specific consequences. So punish behaviors you want to discourage and reward behaviors you want to encourage.
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| show | Observers imitate the behavior of a model
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| show | focus on how an organism's behavior changes in response to environmental stimuli encountered during its lifetime
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| Habituation | show 🗑
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| Aquisition* | show 🗑
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| show | (CC) stimulus that does not elicit the desired response
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| Unconditioned Stimulus* | show 🗑
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| Unconditioned Response* | show 🗑
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| Conditioned Stimulus* | show 🗑
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| Conditioned Response* | show 🗑
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| Extinction* | show 🗑
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| show | (CC) the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials
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| show | (CC) stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR. Like little Albert.
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| show | (CC) when a CR occurs to one stimulus but not to others
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| show | (CC) a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS
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| Exposure Therapies | show 🗑
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| Aversion Therapy* (Garcia effect) | show 🗑
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| Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting | show 🗑
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| show | a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it
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| Law of Effect | show 🗑
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| Skinner Box* | show 🗑
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| Reinforcement* | show 🗑
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| Punishment* | show 🗑
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| Skinner's 3 part contingency | show 🗑
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| Contingency | show 🗑
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| Discriminative Stimulus | show 🗑
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| Positive Reinforcement* | show 🗑
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| Primary Reinforcers* | show 🗑
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| show | stimuli, like money, that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers
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| show | a response is strengthened by the subsequent removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus (advil and headaches)
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| show | the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced
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| Aversive Punishment (aka positive punishment aka punishment by application)* | show 🗑
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| show | a response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus (toy taken away)
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| show | used to develop a sequence (chain) of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response
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| Shaping* | show 🗑
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| show | an operant response to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one (not touching any stovetops)
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| Operant discrimination* | show 🗑
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| Stimulus control | show 🗑
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| Continuous reinforcement* | show 🗑
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| show | only a portion of the responses of a particular type are reinforced
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| Fixed Ratio Schedule* | show 🗑
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| Variable Ratio Schedule* | show 🗑
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| Fixed Interval Schedule* | show 🗑
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| show | reinforcement is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval, centered around an average (pop quizzes)
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| show | the organism learns a response to terminate an aversive stimulus (put on a hoodie when you're cold)
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| show | the organism learns a response to avoid an aversive stimulus (wear a hoodie in the first place when you know it's gonna be cold)
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| Two factor theory of avoidance learning | show 🗑
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| show | desirable behaviors are reinforced with tokens that are later turned in for other reinforcers (money, spin to wins)
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| show | combines a behavioral approach with the scientific method to solve individual and societal problems
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| show | through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others
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| show | a conditioned response in which the taste (& sometimes the sight and smell) of a particular food becomes disgusting and repulsive
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| show | the tendency for a conditioned response to drift back toward instinctive behavior
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| show | the sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem
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| show | a mental representation of the spatial layout
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| show | learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until later when there is an incentive to perform
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| show | learning that occurs by observing the behavior of a model. Like bobo doll.
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| show | emphasizes that people learn by observing the behavior of models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviors to influence events in their lives
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| Self-efficacy | show 🗑
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| show | the processes that allow us to record, store, and later retrieve experiences and information
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| Encoding* | show 🗑
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| Storage* | show 🗑
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| Retrieval* | show 🗑
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| Sensory memory* | show 🗑
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| Short-term memory* | show 🗑
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| show | mental representations of some type of information or stimulus
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| show | combining individual items into larger units of meaning
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| Working memory* | show 🗑
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| show | vast library of more durable stored memories
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| show | the ability to recall an item is influenced by the item's position in a series
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| show | the more deeply we process information, the better we will remember it
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| Maintenance rehearsal | show 🗑
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| show | focusing on the meaning of the information or expanding (elaborating) on it in some way
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| show | encoding information using both verbal and visual codes enhances memory because the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall
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| Method of Loci* | show 🗑
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| show | a memory aid (like acronyms)
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| show | mental framework - an organized pattern of thought - about some aspect of the world
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| Mnemonist (or memorist) | show 🗑
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| Associative network* | show 🗑
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| Priming* | show 🗑
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| Neural network (connectionist) models | show 🗑
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| show | neural network (connectionist) models
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| Declarative memory | show 🗑
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| show | store of knowledge concerning personal experiences: when, where, and what happened in the episodes of our lives
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| show | general factual knowledge about the wold and language, including memory for words and concepts
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| Procedural (nondeclarative) memory* | show 🗑
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| show | involves conscious or intentional memory retrieval, as when you consciously recognize or recall something
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| show | occurs when memory influences our behavior without conscious awareness
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| Retrieval cue | show 🗑
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| show | recollections of personally experienced events that make up the stories of our lives
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| Flashbulb memories* | show 🗑
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| show | memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding
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| show | it typically is easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was originally encoded
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| show | our ability to retrieve information is greater when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning
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| Mood-congruent recall | show 🗑
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| Decay theory | show 🗑
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| Proactive interference | show 🗑
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| Retroactive interference | show 🗑
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| show | we cannot recall something but feel that we are on the verge of remembering it
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| show | a motivational process that protects us by blocking the conscious recall of anxiety-arousing memories
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| Prospective memory | show 🗑
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| Retrograde amnesia* | show 🗑
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| show | memory loss for events that occur after the initial onset of amnesia
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| Dementia | show 🗑
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| Alzheimer's disease | show 🗑
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| show | memory loss for early experiences
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| Misinformation effect | show 🗑
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| show | our tendency to recall something or recognize it as familiar but to forget where we encountered it
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| show | hypothetical and gradual binding process
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| show | enduring increase in synaptic strength
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| Mental representations* | show 🗑
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| Language* | show 🗑
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| show | the scientific study of the psychological aspects of language
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| show | the set of rules that dictates how symbols can be combined to create meaningful units of communication
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| Syntax | show 🗑
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| show | the meaning of words and sentences
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| show | the symbols of language can be combined to generate an infinite number of messages that have novel meaning
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| Displacement* | show 🗑
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| Surface structure | show 🗑
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| Deep structure | show 🗑
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| Phoneme* | show 🗑
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| show | the smallest unit of meaning in a language
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| Discourse* | show 🗑
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| Inductive (bottom-up) processing* | show 🗑
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| show | sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations
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| show | perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends
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| Pragmatics | show 🗑
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| Aphasia | show 🗑
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| show | the regular use of two languages
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| Phonological awareness | show 🗑
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| show | language not only influences but also determines what we are capable of thinking
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| Propositional thought | show 🗑
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| Imaginal thought | show 🗑
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| Motoric thought | show 🗑
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| show | statements that express ideas
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| show | basic units of semantic memory - mental categories into which we place objects, activities, abstractions, and events
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| show | the most typical and familiar members of a category or class
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| show | we reason from the top down, that is, from general principles to a conclusion about a specific case
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| Inductive reasoning* | show 🗑
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| Belief bias* | show 🗑
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| Framing* | show 🗑
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| Algorithms | show 🗑
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| Heuristics* | show 🗑
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| Means-ends analysis | show 🗑
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| Subgoal analysis | show 🗑
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| show | we think about how closely something fits our prototype for that particular concept, or class, and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class
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| Availability heuristic | show 🗑
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| Confirmation bias* | show 🗑
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| Over-confidence | show 🗑
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| show | the generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm
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| show | the tendency to be so fixed in their perception of the proper function of an object or procedure that they are blinded to new ways of using it
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| show | processing a problem, presumably at a subconscious level, while doing some other activity
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| show | a mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world
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| show | a mental framework concerning a sequence of events that usually unfolds in a regular, almost standardized order
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| Wisdom | show 🗑
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| show | your awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities
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| Mental image | show 🗑
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| show | Skinner's book for a larger audience, which talks about how human freedom is an illusion. And about how we as a society need to set up rewards and punishments to make ourselves better
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| magazine training* | show 🗑
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| show | • unconscious thinking
• snap judgments
• emotionally based
• based on past events
• often wrong
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| show | • checking facts
• rational
• slow and conscious
• less likely to be wrong
• easily distractible
• people who are not prejudice are more system 2
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| Heuristics types* | show 🗑
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| Metacognition* | show 🗑
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| metacomprehension* | show 🗑
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| show | -Broca’s area, word production and articulation
-Wernice’s area, speech comprehension
-Visual cortex, processing written letters/words
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| Nonverbal communication and dating* | show 🗑
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| show | o personally experienced events (episodic memory)
• amnesia patients forget this (names of friends and family, etc.)
o facts – general knowledge (semantic memory)
• where celebrities were born
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| show | o skills – motor and cognitive
• how to ride a bike, read a map, write, etc.
o classical conditioning effects
• …being scared of dogs?
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| show | Pleasant things fade more slowly than unpleasant things.
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Created by:
haleyBUGoxox
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