MAMC exam 9 other complications of pregnancy
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| teratogens | agents in the fetal environment that either cause or increase the likelihood that a birth defect will occur. most agents cross the placenta & affect the developing fetus
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| types of teratogens | infection ionizing radiation maternal hyperthermia pollutants effects of maternal disorders (diabetes, PKU)
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| mechanical disruptions | forces that interfere with normal prenatal development
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| maternal effects of smoking | decreased placental perfusion anemia PROM pretuerm labor spontaneous abortion
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| fetal effects of smoking | prematurity low birth weight fetal demise developmental delays increased incidence of SIDS neurologic problems
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| maternal effects of marijuana | often used with other drugs increased incidence of anemia & inadequate weight gain
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| fetal effects of marijuana | irritability tremors sleep problems sensitivity to light
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| maternal effects of cocaine | hyperarousal state generalized vasoconstriction HTN increased spontaneous abortion abruptio placentae preterm labor CV comp seizures increased STDs
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| fetal effects of cocaine | risk for intracranial bleeding stillbirth prematurity IUGR irritability decreased ability to interact with evnironmental stimuli poor feeding reflexes N/V/D prune-belly syndrome
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| maternal effects of amphetamines | malnutrition tachycardia vasoconstriction
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| fetal effects of amphetamines | withdrawl symptoms IUGR fetal death
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| maternal effects of opioids | spontaneous abortion PROM preterm labor increased incidence of STDs, HIV exposure, hepatitis
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| fetal effects of opioids | IUGR preinatal asphyxia intellectual impairment neonatal abstinence syndrome neonatal infections neonatal death
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| precentage of women who experience IPV during pregnancy | between 1-20%
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| category A risk | no evidence of risk to the fetus exists
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| category B risk | animal reproduction studies have not demonstrated risk to fetus. no adequate & well-controlled studies have been done in pregnant women
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| category C risk | animal reproduction reproduction studies hae shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but no adequate, well-controlled studies have been done in humans. potential benefits may warrant use of drug in pregnant women despite fetal risks
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| category D risk | positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data, but potential benefits may warrant use of drug despite fetal risks
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| category X risk | positive evidence of human fetal risk based on animal or human studies and/or adverse reaction data. risks clearly outweight potential benefits
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| effect of prenancy on preexisting diabetic mother | increased incidence of: spontaneous abortions preeclampsia UTIs premature rupture of membranes shoulder dystocia & injury to the birth canal increaed Cesarean birth rate postpartum hemorrhage
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| what can untreated ketoacidosis can leat to ______ or _______ _______ | fetal or maternal death
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| heart disease complicates about ___% of all pregnancies | 1
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| most common cardiace problems during pregnancy results from: | rheumatic heart disease congenital heart defects mitral valve prolapse (common but benign)
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| first warning sign of heart disease | dyspnea syncope with exertion hemoptysis paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea chest pain with exertion
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| define anemia in first & third trimester | < 11g/dL
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| define anemia in second trimester | < 10.5g/dL
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| total iron requirement during pregnancy for single fetus | 1000mg
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| maternal folic acid needs _____ during pregnancy | double
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| sickle cell anemia | abnormal hemoglobin that causes their erythrocytes to become distorted in a sickle cell shape, or cresecent shape, with low oxygen concentration, acidosis & dehydration worsening the process
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| thalassemia | genetic disorder where there is an abnormality in one of 2 chains of hemoglobin, the alpha or beta chain which leads to alterations in the RBC membrane & decreases the lifespan of the RBC
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| TORCH | Toxoplasmosis
Other diseases
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus
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| how a fetus may contract toxoplasmosis | placental connection with its infected mother
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| how may a mother contract toxoplasmosis | improper handling of cat litter
handling or ingesting contaminated meat
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| most common first manifestation of syphilis in the mother | chancre
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| gonorrhea can cause eye irritation which may lead to | blindness (ophthalmia neonatorum)
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| most common STD in U.S. | chlamydia
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