Vocabulary for Chapter 5 / Learning
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| show | The ability to connect stimuli (the changes that occur in our environment) with responses (behaviors or other actions).
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| show | Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior.
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| show | Something (such as food) that naturally triggers a response.
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| show | The naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus.
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| Conditioned stimulus (Pg. 133) (CS) | show 🗑
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| Conditioned response (Pg. 133) (CR) | show 🗑
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| show | The reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
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| Spontaneous recovery (Pg. 134) | show 🗑
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| Generalization (Pg. 134) | show 🗑
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| Discrimination (Pg. 135) | show 🗑
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| show | Conditioning that occurs when an existing conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a new conditioned stimulus.
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| Phobia (Pg. 135) | show 🗑
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| Operant conditioning (Pg. 137) | show 🗑
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| Law of effect (Pg. 137) | show 🗑
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| Skinner box (operant chamber) (Pg. 138) | show 🗑
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| show | Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.
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| show | Any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
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| show | The strengthening of a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after the response.
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| show | The strengthening of a response by removing a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response.
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| Positive punishment (Pg. 139) | show 🗑
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| show | The weakening of a response by removing a typically pleasant stimulus after the response.
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| show | A reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is sometimes reinforced, and sometimes not.
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| show | A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcement occurs for the first response made after a specific amount of time has passed.
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| Variable-interval schedule (Pg. 140) | show 🗑
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| Fixed-ratio schedule (Pg. 141) | show 🗑
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| show | A ratio reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is provided after an average number of responses.
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| Shaping (Pg. 141) | show 🗑
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| show | Stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism, such as food, water, and relief from pain.
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| show | Neutral events that have become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning.
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| show | The sudden understanding of the solution to a problem.
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| Latent learning (Pg. 143) | show 🗑
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| show | Learning by observing the behavior of others.
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| Social dilemma (Pg. 150) | show 🗑
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| show | A social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual (or sometimes with a group of other individuals).
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