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IntroToPsych/Chap5
Vocabulary for Chapter 5 / Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Conditioning (Pg. 132) | The ability to connect stimuli (the changes that occur in our environment) with responses (behaviors or other actions). |
| Classical Conditioning (Pg. 133) | Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. |
| Unconditional stimulus (Pg. 133) (US) | Something (such as food) that naturally triggers a response. |
| Unconditional response (Pg. 133) (UR) | The naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned stimulus (Pg. 133) (CS) | A neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, begins to evoke a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned response (Pg. 133) (CR) | An acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus. |
| Extinction (Pg. 134) | The reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Spontaneous recovery (Pg. 134) | The increase in responding to the conditioned stimulus (CS) after a pause that follows extinction. |
| Generalization (Pg. 134) | The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. |
| Discrimination (Pg. 135) | The tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar, but not identical. |
| Second-order conditioning (Pg. 135) | Conditioning that occurs when an existing conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a new conditioned stimulus. |
| Phobia (Pg. 135) | A strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
| Operant conditioning (Pg. 137) | Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior. |
| Law of effect (Pg. 137) | The principle that responses that create a typically pleasant outcome in a particular situation are more likely to reoccur in a similar situation, where responses that produce a typically unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situation. |
| Skinner box (operant chamber) (Pg. 138) | A structure used to study operant learning in small animals. |
| Reinforcer (Pg. 138) | Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior. |
| Punisher (Pg. 138) | Any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior. |
| Positive reinforcement (Pg. 138) | The strengthening of a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after the response. |
| Negative reinforcement (Pg. 138) | The strengthening of a response by removing a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response. |
| Positive punishment (Pg. 139) | The weakening of a response by presenting atypically unpleasant stimulus after the response. |
| Negative punishment (Pg. 139) | The weakening of a response by removing a typically pleasant stimulus after the response. |
| Continuous (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule (Pg. 139) | A reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is sometimes reinforced, and sometimes not. |
| Fixed-interval schedule (Pg. 140) | A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcement occurs for the first response made after a specific amount of time has passed. |
| Variable-interval schedule (Pg. 140) | An interval reinforcement schedule in which the timing of the reinforce is varied around the average interval, making the actual appearance of the reinforce unpredictable. |
| Fixed-ratio schedule (Pg. 141) | A reinforcement schedule in which behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses. |
| Variable-ratio schedule (Pg. 141) | A ratio reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is provided after an average number of responses. |
| Shaping (Pg. 141) | The process of guiding an organism's behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behavior. |
| Primary reinforcer (Pg. 141) | Stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism, such as food, water, and relief from pain. |
| Secondary reinforcer (Pg. 141) | Neutral events that have become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning. |
| Insight (Pg. 142) | The sudden understanding of the solution to a problem. |
| Latent learning (Pg. 143) | Learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so. |
| Observational learning (modeling) (Pg. 143) | Learning by observing the behavior of others. |
| Social dilemma (Pg. 150) | A situation in which the behavior that creates the most rewards for the individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole. |
| Prisoner's dilemma game (Pg. 150) | A social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual (or sometimes with a group of other individuals). |
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