Normal values and questions
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| Sodium Na+ | 135-145 mEq/L
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| Potassium K+ | 3.5-5 mEq/L
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| Calcium Ca2+ | 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
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| Magnesium Mg2+ | 1.6-2.6 mEq/L
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| Chloride Cl- | 95-105 mEq/L
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| Phosphate PO4- | 1.7-2.6 mEq/L
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| Bicarbonate HCO3- | 22-26 mEq/L
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| Na+ < 135 mEq/L | Hyponatremia
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| Na+ > 145 mEq/L | Hypernatremia
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| K+ < 3.5 mEq/L | Hypokalemia (low potassium)
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| K+ > 5.0 mEq/L | Hyperkalemia
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| Ca2+ < 8.5 mq/dL | Hypocalcaemia
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| Ca2+ mEq/L > 10.5 mq/dL | Hypercalcaemia
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| Mg+ < 1.3 mEq/L | Hypomagnesaemia
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| Mg2+ > 2.1 mEq/L | Hypermagnesemia
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| PO4- < 1.7 mEq/L | Hypophosphatemia
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| PO4- > 2.6 mEq/L | Hyperphosphatemia
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| Normal pH serum level | 7.35-7.45
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| pH > 7.45 | alkalosis
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| pH < 7.35 | acidosis
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| Normal PCO2 | 35-45 mmHg
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| PCO2 < 35 (too little acid) | respiratory alkalosis
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| PCO2 > 45 (too much acid) | respiratory acidosis
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| Normal HCO3- | 22-26 mEq/L
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| HCO3- < 22 (too little base) | metabolic acidosis
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| HCO3- > 26 (too much base) | metabolic alkalosis
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| intravascular Fluid | within the blood, transports RBC
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| transcellular fluid | CSF, pleural, peritoneal, synovial, & digestive fluids
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| Osmosis -- NO ATP required | less concentration to higher concentration
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| Diffusion -- NO ATP required | High concentration to a lower concentration
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| Filtration -- NO ATP required | high pressure to lower pressure
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| Osmotic pressure NO ATP required | the power of a solution to draw water
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| ADH | antidiuretic hormone
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| ADH is released from | pituitary gland
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| ADH causes the kidneys to | retain fluid when blood volume is low
excrete fluid when the volume is in excess
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| ADH is released in response to | Fever, pain, stress, & some ovoid use
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| the ratio of Carbonic acid and Sodium Bicarbonate is | 1:20
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| pH below 6.9 or above 7.8 is generally | FATAL
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| pH is too acidic | Lungs remove CO2 by rapid, deep breathing
(reduces CO2 available to make carbonic acid)
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| pH is too alkaline | Lungs conserve CO2 by shallow, slow breathing
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| Serum pH is acidic the kidneys | Conserve bicarbonate to neutralize
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| Serum pH is alkaline the kidneys | Excrete bicarbonate to lower the amount of base
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| How long does it take the Renal (kidney) mechanism to work? | Three days
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| Hyplvolemia | Loss of Fluids and electrolytes EFC
(surgery, trauma, or uterine rupture)
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| Dehydration | State of negative fluid balance
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| What % of sudden loss of body fluid is usually FATAL? | 15%
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| Dehydration--Think? | increased Heart Rate & increased Temperature
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| Who's most at risk for Deficient Fluid? | Elderly, Children, Infants
Any patients that have continued fluid loss (NV, fever, diabetes insipidious)
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| normal pO2 | 80-100 mmHg
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| Normal O2 saturation | 95-100%
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| Normal base excess | + or - 2
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| 1st step to ABG analysis | Is pH out of range (7.34-7.45)
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| 2nd step to ABG analysis | Is pCO2 normal (35-45 mmHg)
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| 3rd step to ABG analysis | Is the HCO3- out of range (22-26 mEq/L)
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| 4th step -- match the abnormal result with the pH |
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| 5th step -- does the PaCO2 or HCO3- go in the opposite direction of the pH? |
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| 6th step -- is the pO2 and O2 saturation out of range |
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| Food high in potassium -- help with Hypokalemia | Avocados
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| Where do you Auscultate Tricuspid valve? | 4th intercostal left sternal border
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| Where do you Auscultate Pulmonary valve? | 2nd intercostal left sternal border
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| Where do you Auscultate the Aortic valve? | 2nd intercostal right sternal border
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| What food is high in calcium? | Brocoli
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| BUN (blood urea nitrogen) | 10-20 mg/dL
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| Creatinine | female 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
males 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
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| Albumin (nutritional status) | 3.5-5 g/dL < 3 g/100 mL bad
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| Glucose | Fasting (no caloric intake for at least 8 hours) 70-110 mg/dL
Casual (any time of day) < (or equal) 200 mg/dL
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