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Normal Serum Levels
Normal values and questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sodium Na+ | 135-145 mEq/L |
| Potassium K+ | 3.5-5 mEq/L |
| Calcium Ca2+ | 8.5-10.5 mEq/L |
| Magnesium Mg2+ | 1.6-2.6 mEq/L |
| Chloride Cl- | 95-105 mEq/L |
| Phosphate PO4- | 1.7-2.6 mEq/L |
| Bicarbonate HCO3- | 22-26 mEq/L |
| Na+ < 135 mEq/L | Hyponatremia |
| Na+ > 145 mEq/L | Hypernatremia |
| K+ < 3.5 mEq/L | Hypokalemia (low potassium) |
| K+ > 5.0 mEq/L | Hyperkalemia |
| Ca2+ < 8.5 mq/dL | Hypocalcaemia |
| Ca2+ mEq/L > 10.5 mq/dL | Hypercalcaemia |
| Mg+ < 1.3 mEq/L | Hypomagnesaemia |
| Mg2+ > 2.1 mEq/L | Hypermagnesemia |
| PO4- < 1.7 mEq/L | Hypophosphatemia |
| PO4- > 2.6 mEq/L | Hyperphosphatemia |
| Normal pH serum level | 7.35-7.45 |
| pH > 7.45 | alkalosis |
| pH < 7.35 | acidosis |
| Normal PCO2 | 35-45 mmHg |
| PCO2 < 35 (too little acid) | respiratory alkalosis |
| PCO2 > 45 (too much acid) | respiratory acidosis |
| Normal HCO3- | 22-26 mEq/L |
| HCO3- < 22 (too little base) | metabolic acidosis |
| HCO3- > 26 (too much base) | metabolic alkalosis |
| intravascular Fluid | within the blood, transports RBC |
| transcellular fluid | CSF, pleural, peritoneal, synovial, & digestive fluids |
| Osmosis -- NO ATP required | less concentration to higher concentration |
| Diffusion -- NO ATP required | High concentration to a lower concentration |
| Filtration -- NO ATP required | high pressure to lower pressure |
| Osmotic pressure NO ATP required | the power of a solution to draw water |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone |
| ADH is released from | pituitary gland |
| ADH causes the kidneys to | retain fluid when blood volume is low excrete fluid when the volume is in excess |
| ADH is released in response to | Fever, pain, stress, & some ovoid use |
| the ratio of Carbonic acid and Sodium Bicarbonate is | 1:20 |
| pH below 6.9 or above 7.8 is generally | FATAL |
| pH is too acidic | Lungs remove CO2 by rapid, deep breathing (reduces CO2 available to make carbonic acid) |
| pH is too alkaline | Lungs conserve CO2 by shallow, slow breathing |
| Serum pH is acidic the kidneys | Conserve bicarbonate to neutralize |
| Serum pH is alkaline the kidneys | Excrete bicarbonate to lower the amount of base |
| How long does it take the Renal (kidney) mechanism to work? | Three days |
| Hyplvolemia | Loss of Fluids and electrolytes EFC (surgery, trauma, or uterine rupture) |
| Dehydration | State of negative fluid balance |
| What % of sudden loss of body fluid is usually FATAL? | 15% |
| Dehydration--Think? | increased Heart Rate & increased Temperature |
| Who's most at risk for Deficient Fluid? | Elderly, Children, Infants Any patients that have continued fluid loss (NV, fever, diabetes insipidious) |
| normal pO2 | 80-100 mmHg |
| Normal O2 saturation | 95-100% |
| Normal base excess | + or - 2 |
| 1st step to ABG analysis | Is pH out of range (7.34-7.45) |
| 2nd step to ABG analysis | Is pCO2 normal (35-45 mmHg) |
| 3rd step to ABG analysis | Is the HCO3- out of range (22-26 mEq/L) |
| 4th step -- match the abnormal result with the pH | |
| 5th step -- does the PaCO2 or HCO3- go in the opposite direction of the pH? | |
| 6th step -- is the pO2 and O2 saturation out of range | |
| Food high in potassium -- help with Hypokalemia | Avocados |
| Where do you Auscultate Tricuspid valve? | 4th intercostal left sternal border |
| Where do you Auscultate Pulmonary valve? | 2nd intercostal left sternal border |
| Where do you Auscultate the Aortic valve? | 2nd intercostal right sternal border |
| What food is high in calcium? | Brocoli |
| BUN (blood urea nitrogen) | 10-20 mg/dL |
| Creatinine | female 0.5-1.1 mg/dL males 0.6-1.2 mg/dL |
| Albumin (nutritional status) | 3.5-5 g/dL < 3 g/100 mL bad |
| Glucose | Fasting (no caloric intake for at least 8 hours) 70-110 mg/dL Casual (any time of day) < (or equal) 200 mg/dL |
Created by:
moo2youk
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