Chapter 8, 9 & 10
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Excess Energy | -is stored fat used for energy between meals
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| Energy Balance | -energy in = energy out
-shift in balance causes weight change
-1 lb = 3,500 cal
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| Hunger | -Physiological response to nerve signals and chemical messengers
-Influences: include hormones, nutrients in blood, preceding meal, external temperature, exercise and others
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| Satiation | stop hunger
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| Satiety | not to start eating again
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| Sustaining Satiety & satiation | -nutrient composition
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| Nutrient composition | -protein is the most satiating
-High fiber foods satiating
-Both give strong satiety signals
-high fats foods: strong satiety but slower to work
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| Hypothalamus | -control center for eating
-integrates messages: energy intake, expenditure, storage
-Biological molecules regulate food intake
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| Biological molecules | -Ghrelin, adiponeptin, leptin
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| Energy Out | Thermogenisis
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| Thermogenis | -Basal metabolisms, physical activity, food consumption, adaptation
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| Basal Metabolism | -about 2/3 energy expended & basic processes of life
-Basic metabolic rate: indiv. variation, weight & lean tissue will increase
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| Physical activity | -voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
-amount of energy needed will increase with greater: muscle mass, body weight & activity
-FITT influence
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| Thermic Effect of Food | -Increase GI tract functioning in response to food presence: releases heat
-10% of energy in take
-high protein foods higher losses than high fat foods
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| High waist circumference | -indicator of fat distribution & central obesity
-Women: greater than 35 inch.
-Men: greater than 40 inch.
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| Other techniques for body composition | - more precise measurements
-skinfolds, hydrostatic weighing, bioelectrical impedance, dexa, bodpod
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| Health risks associated with body fat & body weight | -body weight & fat distribution correlated with disease risk & life expectancy
-diabetes, hypertension, CVD & sleep apnea
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| Risks cause by being underweight | -fighting against wasting disease
-menstrual irregularity & infertility
-Osteoporosis & bone functioning
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| Fat cell development | -stored in fat cells of adipose tissue
-Fat cells increase in number during childhood & puberty
-energy out exceeds energy in: decrease size & no change in #
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| Gene code for Leptin protein's affect on obesity | -made in adipose tissue as hormone in hypothalamus
-promotes negative energy balance
-suppresses appetite & increase energy expenditure
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| Uncoupling proteins | -proteins involved in metabolism
-higher in brown adipose tissue
-results in greater loses of energy as heat
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| Agressive treatments for obesity: Orlistat | -inhibits pancreatic lipase in GI tract
-blocks dietary fat digestion & absorption
-side effects: gas, frequent bowel movements
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| Agressive treatments for obesity: Phentermine and diethylpropion | -enhances release of neurotransmitter
-norepinepherine release to brain & reduces food intake
-Side effects: High blood pressure & insomnia
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| Agressive treatments for obesity: Surgery | -clinically serves obesity
-reduce food capacity in stomach: gastric bypass or banding
-effectively limits food intake
-Liposuction: reduce deposits by removing fat cells
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| Eating plans | -remember water
-focus on fiber: low in energy but high in nutrients
-choose fats sensibly: lower fat lowers density
-select carb carefully
-watch for empty cals
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| Vitamin Overview | -support nutritional health
-Differ from macronutrients: Structure & function (no energy yield)
-composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
-toxicity: more not always better, levels higher than UL cause problems
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| Overall Vitamin B's | -coenzymes assist with release of energy
-with coenzymes, most enzymes cant function
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| Thiamin | -deficiency: Malnourishment & alcoholics
-Beriberi disease: dry (nervous system) & wet (cardiovascular system)
-Toxicity: no adverse effects or UL
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| Riboflavin | -major food sources: milk & milk products
-Destruction: ultraviolet light, irradiation
-not destroyed by cooking
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| Niacin | -Body manufactures from tryptophan: only occurs after protein synthesis needs have been met
-deficiency: Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)
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| Niacin toxicity | -naturally occurring: no harm
-supplements: niacin "flush"
-large doses of nicotinic acid: reduces LDL's
-less vulnerable to food preparations losses
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| Biotin | -adequate intake is to difficult to determine
-Deficiencies: rare because found in many foods, can be induced by eating large amount of egg whites & results in skin rash + hair loss
-toxicity: no UL
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| Pantothenic Acid | -part of chemical structure of Coenzyme A
-role in body: energy metabolism, synthesis of fat & neurotransmitters
-recommendation: AI
-Deficiency: rare because widespread in many foods
-toxicity: no UL, none reported
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| B6 | -recommendation RDA
-Deficiency: symptoms= neurological, depression, confusion, anemia
-alcohol & isoniazid can reduce deficiency
-toxicity: irreversible nerve damage,
-best food sourced= meat, poultry, fish
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| Folate Deficiency | -neural tube defects like spina bifida
-Supplements: 1 month b4 conception & through 1st trimester
-fortified grain products helpful
-risk: may mask vitamin B12 deficiency
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| Folate in general | -May prevent heart disease: breakdown of homocysteine, prevents blood clots
-decrease risks of heart attack, stroke or death from CVD
-Cancer: may prevent colon cancer, timing of supplements could increase risk if already cancer is initiated
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| Vitamin B12 | -recommendations: RDA established
-Deficiency: “Pernicious Anemia”, vegans may precipitate after long time
-symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency
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