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NFS 207-Exam 3
Chapter 8, 9 & 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Excess Energy | -is stored fat used for energy between meals |
| Energy Balance | -energy in = energy out -shift in balance causes weight change -1 lb = 3,500 cal |
| Hunger | -Physiological response to nerve signals and chemical messengers -Influences: include hormones, nutrients in blood, preceding meal, external temperature, exercise and others |
| Satiation | stop hunger |
| Satiety | not to start eating again |
| Sustaining Satiety & satiation | -nutrient composition |
| Nutrient composition | -protein is the most satiating -High fiber foods satiating -Both give strong satiety signals -high fats foods: strong satiety but slower to work |
| Hypothalamus | -control center for eating -integrates messages: energy intake, expenditure, storage -Biological molecules regulate food intake |
| Biological molecules | -Ghrelin, adiponeptin, leptin |
| Energy Out | Thermogenisis |
| Thermogenis | -Basal metabolisms, physical activity, food consumption, adaptation |
| Basal Metabolism | -about 2/3 energy expended & basic processes of life -Basic metabolic rate: indiv. variation, weight & lean tissue will increase |
| Physical activity | -voluntary movement of skeletal muscle -amount of energy needed will increase with greater: muscle mass, body weight & activity -FITT influence |
| Thermic Effect of Food | -Increase GI tract functioning in response to food presence: releases heat -10% of energy in take -high protein foods higher losses than high fat foods |
| High waist circumference | -indicator of fat distribution & central obesity -Women: greater than 35 inch. -Men: greater than 40 inch. |
| Other techniques for body composition | - more precise measurements -skinfolds, hydrostatic weighing, bioelectrical impedance, dexa, bodpod |
| Health risks associated with body fat & body weight | -body weight & fat distribution correlated with disease risk & life expectancy -diabetes, hypertension, CVD & sleep apnea |
| Risks cause by being underweight | -fighting against wasting disease -menstrual irregularity & infertility -Osteoporosis & bone functioning |
| Fat cell development | -stored in fat cells of adipose tissue -Fat cells increase in number during childhood & puberty -energy out exceeds energy in: decrease size & no change in # |
| Gene code for Leptin protein's affect on obesity | -made in adipose tissue as hormone in hypothalamus -promotes negative energy balance -suppresses appetite & increase energy expenditure |
| Uncoupling proteins | -proteins involved in metabolism -higher in brown adipose tissue -results in greater loses of energy as heat |
| Agressive treatments for obesity: Orlistat | -inhibits pancreatic lipase in GI tract -blocks dietary fat digestion & absorption -side effects: gas, frequent bowel movements |
| Agressive treatments for obesity: Phentermine and diethylpropion | -enhances release of neurotransmitter -norepinepherine release to brain & reduces food intake -Side effects: High blood pressure & insomnia |
| Agressive treatments for obesity: Surgery | -clinically serves obesity -reduce food capacity in stomach: gastric bypass or banding -effectively limits food intake -Liposuction: reduce deposits by removing fat cells |
| Eating plans | -remember water -focus on fiber: low in energy but high in nutrients -choose fats sensibly: lower fat lowers density -select carb carefully -watch for empty cals |
| Vitamin Overview | -support nutritional health -Differ from macronutrients: Structure & function (no energy yield) -composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen -toxicity: more not always better, levels higher than UL cause problems - |
| Overall Vitamin B's | -coenzymes assist with release of energy -with coenzymes, most enzymes cant function |
| Thiamin | -deficiency: Malnourishment & alcoholics -Beriberi disease: dry (nervous system) & wet (cardiovascular system) -Toxicity: no adverse effects or UL |
| Riboflavin | -major food sources: milk & milk products -Destruction: ultraviolet light, irradiation -not destroyed by cooking |
| Niacin | -Body manufactures from tryptophan: only occurs after protein synthesis needs have been met -deficiency: Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia) |
| Niacin toxicity | -naturally occurring: no harm -supplements: niacin "flush" -large doses of nicotinic acid: reduces LDL's -less vulnerable to food preparations losses |
| Biotin | -adequate intake is to difficult to determine -Deficiencies: rare because found in many foods, can be induced by eating large amount of egg whites & results in skin rash + hair loss -toxicity: no UL |
| Pantothenic Acid | -part of chemical structure of Coenzyme A -role in body: energy metabolism, synthesis of fat & neurotransmitters -recommendation: AI -Deficiency: rare because widespread in many foods -toxicity: no UL, none reported |
| B6 | -recommendation RDA -Deficiency: symptoms= neurological, depression, confusion, anemia -alcohol & isoniazid can reduce deficiency -toxicity: irreversible nerve damage, -best food sourced= meat, poultry, fish |
| Folate Deficiency | -neural tube defects like spina bifida -Supplements: 1 month b4 conception & through 1st trimester -fortified grain products helpful -risk: may mask vitamin B12 deficiency |
| Folate in general | -May prevent heart disease: breakdown of homocysteine, prevents blood clots -decrease risks of heart attack, stroke or death from CVD -Cancer: may prevent colon cancer, timing of supplements could increase risk if already cancer is initiated |
| Vitamin B12 | -recommendations: RDA established -Deficiency: “Pernicious Anemia”, vegans may precipitate after long time -symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency |
Created by:
jessiedig
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