Cancer
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| T/F This year (2000), about 552,000 Americans are expected to die of cancer, more than 1500 people a day? | TRUE
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| Cancer is the ____ leading cause of death in the US, exceeded only by heart disease? | second
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| In the US, 1 of 4 deaths is from ____? | cancer.
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| T/F Nearly five million lives have been lost to cancer since 1990. In 2000, about 1,220,100 new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed? | TRUE
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| 5-year relative survival rate for all cancers combined is ____%? | 59%
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| The seven warning signs of cancer has an acronym to remember them. What is it? | CAUTION
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| C in the word caution stands for? | change in bowel or bladder habits
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| A in the word caution stands for? | A sore that does not heal
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| U in the word caution stands for? | Unusual bleeding or discharge
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| T in the word caution stands for? | Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
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| I in the word caution stands for? | Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
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| O in the word caution stands for? | Obvious change in wart or mole
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| N in the word caution stands for? | Nagging cough or hoarseness
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| What is carcinogenesis? | Cancer development
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| What is metastasis? | Cells move from the primary location.
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| The following are all classifications for ____: Cell division is rapid or continuous; Appearance: Anaplastic; Nucleus is large; Migratory & invasive; Chromosomes: May or may not have 23; & Loosely adherent? | Cancer
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| Anaplastic means? | anaplastic means they show no specific morphological features. They don’t look like a particular type of cell.
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| How do you classify different CA cells? | CA cells are classified by a grading scale. It classifies cellular aspects of cancer cells & talks about how different the CA is from original tissue, from “low grade” it closely resembles the original tissue to “High grade” or very abnormal.
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| Breast CA common sites of metastasis is? | Bone*, lung*, liver, brain
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| Prostate CA common sites of metastasis is? | bone (especially spine & legs)*; pelvic nodes
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| Lung CA common sites of metastasis is? | Brain*; bone; liver; lymph nodes; pancreas
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| Melanoma common sites of metastasis is? | GI tract; Lymph nodes; lung; brain
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| Colorectal CA common sites of metastasis is? | Liver*, Lymph nodes; adjacent structures
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| Primary brain CA common sites of metastasis is? | Central Nervous system
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| What is the grading scale Gx, G1-4? | Grading scale: Gx- not determined; G1: well differentiated; G2 Moderately differentiated; G3 Poorly differentiated original cell can still be identified; G4 Poorly differentiated and retain no normal cell characteristics
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| Staging is used to determine ? - | How far has CA has spread.
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| Staging ranges from ___ up to ____ when it has spread to distant sites in the body? | Range from stage 0 (in situ) up to stage IV when it has spread to distant sites in the body.
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| What does TNM stand for? | TNM: tumor, node, metastasis.
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| Stage 0 of cancer is known as? | carcinoma in situ
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| ______ is very early cancer and the abnormal cells are found only in the first layer of cells of the primary site and do not invade the deeper tissues? | Carcinoma in situ
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| In what stages does cancer involve the primary site, but has not spread to nearby tissues? | Stage I
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| Stage ____ of CA: a very small amount of CA- visible under a microscope-is found deeper in the tissues? | Stage IA
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| stage ___ of CA: a larger amount of cancer is found in the tissues? | Stage IB
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| Stage ___: CA has spread to nearby areas but is still inside the primary site? | Stage II
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| Stage ___: CA has spread beyond the primary site? | stage IIA: cancer has spread beyond the primary site
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| Stage ___: CA has spread to other tissue around the primary site? | stage IIB: cancer has spread to other tissue around the primary site.
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| Stage ___: CA has spread throughout the nearby area? | Stage III-Cancer has spread throughout the nearby area.
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| Stage ____: CA has spread to other parts of the body? | Stage IV-Cancer has spread to other parts of the body
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| Stage ____: CA has spread to organs close to the pelvic area? | stage IVA: cancer has spread to organs close to the pelvic area
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| Stage ___: CA has spread to distant organs, such as the lungs? | stage IVB: cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the lungs
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| What does recurrent CA mean? | Recurrent disease means that the cancer has come back (recurred) after it has been treated.
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| Lung; Colorectal; Pancreas; Bladder; Testicular; Gynecologic: ovary, cervix, & endometrial; Breast; Lymphoma are all selected ____ CA? | Selected Adult CA
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| T/F Breast Cancer 32% in Females and Prostate CA 33% in males are the highest % of new CA Cases? | true
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| T/F Lung->Prostate/Breast CA->Colorectal-> Pancreas->ovary->Lymphoma->Leukemia is the breakdown statistics of the highest % to the lowest % of CA deaths? | True
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| What are the 4 major types of Lung Cancer? | Four major types: Small cell carcinoma (oat cell); Adenocarcinoma; Squamous cell; (non-small cell); Large cell
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| ____ cancer leading cause of Cancer death among Americans? | Lung
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| Tobacco smoking; Asbestos; Cancer-causing agents in workplace; Miners; Exposure to chemicals; Marijuana; Recurring inflammation are all risk factors for ? | Lung Cancer Risk Factors
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| What % of CA are found in early stages and how are many diagnosed? | Lung Cancer Early Detection; 15% found in early stages; Many diagnosed incidentally
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| Where are the common sites for metastasis? | Brain; Bone; Liver; Lymph nodes; Pancreas
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| In the early stages of cancer there are no ___? | No symptoms in early stages of cancer
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| Cough that does not go away; Chest pain - Worse with deep breathing; Hoarseness; Bloody or; rust-colored sputum; Shortness of breath; Fever of unknown origin; Recurring infection (bronchitis or pneumonia) are all SS of ___? | Lung CA
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| H &P; Sputum cytology; Chest x-ray; CT scan/MRI; Needle biopsy; Bronchoscopy; Mediastinoscopy are all diagnostic test for ___? | Lung CA
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| Medical; Chemotherapy & radiation; surgical; pulmonary resection lobectomy; pneumonectomy; and laser surgery are all ____ treatments? | lung cancer treatments
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| Skills; O2 therapy; post-op care; positioning-Simi-fowlers; & side-to-side are all nursing care required for what type of pt? | lung CA pt
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| Respiratory rate, quality, O2 sat; Respiratory; Blood gases; Breath sounds; Chest tube; Placement; drainage; drainage system function; Use of incentive spirometer are all assessments and nursing interventions for ? | lung cancer
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| What types of pain management are given for lung cancer pts? | Analgesics; PCA; Epidural; Oral; Wound splinting; Stabilizing chest tubes with activity; Wound care
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| Colectoral cancer is usually ___ types of CA? | adenocarcinomas
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| Most tumors are found in distal portion of large bowel, from the sigmoid colon to anus in what type of CA? | Colectoral cancer
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| Approximately one half of all colon cancers occur in the ____? | rectosigmoid area.
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| What % of Men and Females have corectoral cancer in the transverse colon? | Transverse colon M 11% F 13%
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| What % of Men and Females have corectoral cancer in the ascending colon? | Ascending colon M 22% F 27%
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| What % of Men and Females have corectoral cancer in the descending colon? | Descending colon 6%
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| What % of Men and Females have corectoral cancer in the cecum colon? | Cecum M 11% F10%
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| What % of Men and Females have corectoral cancer in the Rectum colon? | Rectum M22% F27%
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| What % of Men and Females have corectoral cancer in the sigmoid colon? | Sigmoid colon M 25% F 23%
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| Pain, obstruction, change in bowel habits & anemia are SS of colorectal cancer located in the? | Transverse colon – Pain, obstruction, change in bowel habits, anemia
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| Pain, mass, change in bowel habits, anemia are SS of colorectal CA located in the? | Ascending colon – Pain, mass, change in bowel habits, anemia
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| Pain, change in bowel habits, bright red blood in stool, obstruction are SS of colorectal CA located in the? | Descending colon – Pain, change in bowel habits, bright red blood in stool, obstruction
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| Blood in stool, change in bowel habits, & rectal discomfort are SS of colorectal CA located in the? | Rectum – Blood in stool, change in bowel habits, rectal discomfort
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| What are the colorectal risk factors? | Family Hx; Personal Hx of:Colorectal CA, Intestinal polyps, Chronic inflammatory bowel disease; Aging; Diet primarily from animal sources; Physical inactivity
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| Digital rectal exam; Fecal occult blood test; Sigmoidoscopy; Colonoscopy; Barium enema with air contrast; Colorectal CA Diagnosis; Sigmoidoscopy and/or colonoscopy; Barium enema with air contrast; Rectal ultrasound; CT scan; MRI; Biopsy are all early dete | Colorectal CA
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| prep-cleansing of bowel; conscious sedation; no driving for 24 hrs; barium enema; & prep-cleansing of bowel are all given to the pt prior to a ___? | colonoscopy
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| Post care (remove barium) & give constipation (laxative) to a pt that has had a ____? | Colonoscopy
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| Change in bowel habits; Feeling need to have BM that is not relieved by doing so Rectal bleeding or blood in stool; Cramping or steady abdominal pain; Decreased appetite; Weakness & fatigue; Jaundice are all SS of ___? | Colorectal CA
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| What should you do for early detection of colorectal CA? | follow American Cancer Society screening guidelines
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| Beginning at age 50, both men & women should follow 1 of 3 options. What are they? | Yearly fecal occult blood + flexible signmoidoscopy every 5 years or Colonoscopy every 10 years or Double contrast barium enema every 5-10 years
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| What is the treatment for colorectal CA? | Surgery main treatment; segmental resection; colostomy may be needed; temporary; permanent; Radiation; Chemotherapy
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| What are the TNM Staging at DX and Survival Rates? | Localized 37% of patients – 89.7% 5 yr survival; Regional 38% of patients – 64.4% 5 yr survival; Distant 20% of patients – 8.3% 5 yr survival; Unstaged 6% of patients – 34.9% 5 yr survival (MORE LOCALIZED Higher survival rate)
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| Wound heals by ____ intention? | secondary intention
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| Pts with Colorectal CA should avoid __ & ___ forming foods? | odor and gas forming foods
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| What types of odor foods should colorectal pts avoid? | odor- cabbage, eggs, beans, fish, onions
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| What types of gas foods should colorectal pts avoid? | gas -beer, broccoli, cabbage, dairy products
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| What are some Nursing interventions for pts with colorectal CA/colostomy? | Body Image Change; Support group (Ostomy club); Altered Sexuality
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| What are liver Cancer Stastics? | 2007 US estimates: New cases: 19,160; Deaths: 16,780
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| Prognosis of liver CA depends on? | Prognosis depends on the amount of liver tissue replaced and the level of liver function impairment.
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| What are liver cancer risk factors? | 5% of patients with cirrhosis eventually develop hepatocellular cancer; Exposure to hepatotoxins such as vinyl chloride or aflatoxin; Hepatitis B and C
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| In ___ CA the symptoms are usually “silent” until well progressed | Liver CA
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| Loss of appetite & wt loss; bloated abdomen; N & V; Fever, weakness or fatigue; jaundice & dark urine are all symptoms of ____ CA? | Liver CA
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| What are the 5 yr survival rate of liver CA based on stage? | 19% if localized to the liver; 6.6%if regional: lymph nodes or just beyond the primary site; 3.4% for metastatic disease; 3.3% for unstageable disease.
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| What are nursing concerns for liver CA? | Assist with treatments: surgery, chemotherapy or radiation; Pain relief: especially positioning if they develop ascites; Avoid hepato-toxic drugs; Encephalopathy: assess mental status; Skin care: Jaundice leads to itching.
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| Where does the cancer in the pancreas occur? | 90% duct cell adenocarcinomas; 75% occur in pancreatic head; 25% occur in pancreatic tail
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| ___ has a poor prognosis: 90% patients die within 1 yr of diagnosis? | Pancreatic CA
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| What are the risk factors for pancreas CA? | Age, gender & race: Over 50, male; Cigarette smoking; Diet: High fat, meats, low in fiber; Chronic pancreatitis; Family history; Currently no tests are available for early detection
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| T/F CA 19-9 tumor marker is elevated in late stage? | True
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| Jaundice; clay colored stools, dark urine; Abdominal pain; digestive problems; gallbladder enlargement; & wt loss (late) are all S&S of ___ CA? | pancreatic CA
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| H & P; CT scan or MRI; Ultrasound; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); Liver function tests; Biopsy are all ____ CA diagnosis? | pancreatic CA diagnosis
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| How do you treat pancreas CA? | Potentially curative surgery; Distal or total pancreatectomy ; Whipple procedure; Palliative procedures; Stent or surgery to relieve blockage of common bile duct; Chemotherapy; Gemcitabine or fluorouracil (5-FU)
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| What is the nursing care needed for pancreas CA? | Post op: Pain; Analgesics - IV or Epidural; Wound; Assess wound; Assess drainage, amount and color; Teaching ( based on extent of surgery); Diet, activity, wound healing, pain management
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| What is the nursing care needed for non surgical pancreas CA care? | Pain(difficult to manage); Opioids; PO, transdermal; Celiac plexus block; Antiemetics ; Nutrition; Consult with Dietitians; Treat anorexia, indigestion and weight loss.
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| What is the Most commonly bladder CA growth and where does it grow? | Most commonly papillomatous growths in bladder urothelium
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| Papillomatous growths in the bladder urothelium may infiltrate what? | May infiltrate bladder wall
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| Bladder Cancer is the most frequent ___ of urinary tract? | Most frequent neoplasm of urinary tract
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| What are the risk factors of bladder CA? | Smoking; Occupational exposure; Race; Increasing age; Personal history of bladder CA; Birth defects involving bladder
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| What are the benefits of early detection of bladder ca? | Screening for persons at high risk; urine cytology; cystoscopy;urinary tract radiographic imaging (x-rays) the benefits is early detection
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| What is the diagnosis for bladder ca? | H & P; Urine culture & urine cytology; Bladder tumor marker studies; Cystoscopy; Intravenous pyelogram (IVP); Biopsy
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| What is the treatment for bladder Ca? | Surgery; Tumor excision(limited to mucosa);Tumor excision plus chemotherapy; M-VAC and MCV; Cystectomy; Radiation and chemotherapy
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| What is the leading cancer in new cases? | Prostate Cancer
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| Prostate CA grows fast/slow? | Grows very slowly
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| What is the 5 yr survival rate of prostate cancer if not spread beyond the prostate gland? | If not spread beyond prostate gland, five-year relative survival rate 100%, whether treated or not; Related to male hormones, but exact mechanism unclear
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| What are the risk factors for prostate ca? | Age; Race; Family history; Nationality; Diet; Physical inactivity
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| What are two test that are used for early detection of Prostate CA? | Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) & Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) yearly
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| At what age should men start getting tested for Prostate CA? | Age 50
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| At what age should a man that is at HIGH RISK for Prostate CA start getting tested? | Age 45 (high risk)
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| Who are some high risk men for prostate cancer? | High risk men such as those with strong familial predisposition or African Americans.
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| What are some of the test/procedures that can diagnose prostate CA? | PSA & DRE; Prostate biopsy; Transrectal ultrasound
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| How do you treat prostate ca? | Surgery; Radical prostatectomy; Transurethral resection of prostate; Cryosurgery; Radiation; Hormone therapy; Expectant therapy; Chemotherapy (minimal effective)
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| What is the treatment SE of prostate cancer? | Incontinence; Impotence; Reduced or absent sexual drive (orchiectomy & LHRH androgens); Hot flashes, breast tenderness & growth of breast tissue (LHRH androgens)
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| What are the kinds of Gynecological CA? | Ovarian CA; Endometrial CA; & Cervical CA
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| What type of cancer is the leading cause of death from reproductive malignancies? | Ovarian CA
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| ~ 25% found of ____ CA is found at early stage? (Hint leading cause of reproductive malignancies) | Ovarian Cancer
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| When ___ CA is localized, 90% live longer than 5 years after diagnosis? | Ovarian CA
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| At what stage in women is gynecological CA most common? | common after menopause
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| What are the gynecological CA risk factors? | Ovarian; Age; Fertility drugs; Reproductive Hx; Diet; Family Hx; Breast CA; Endometrial; Early menarche or late menopause; Obesity; diet high in animal fat; Tamoxifen…
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| Estrogen replacement therapy; Other reproductive CA; Other: age, race, SES, family Hx, pelvic radiation ; Cervical CA; Age; Black & Native American; Prostitution; Low SES; Reproductive Hx; Postpartum lacerations are all risk factors for ____? | gynecological CA
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| What are the benefits of early detection of gynecological CA? | Seek prompt medical attention for symptoms!
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| When should routine pelvic & PAP exams start? | Routine pelvic & PAP exams starting at age 18 or when becomes sexually active (yearly)
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| Are there any blood test or imaging studies recommended for gynecological CA? | No blood tests or imaging studies recommended
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| What are the S&S of gynecological CA? | Unusual vaginal bleeding/discharge; Sore that does not heal; Pain/pressure in pelvic area; Persistent change bowel/bladder habits; frequent indigestion/abs bloating; Thickening or lump that causes pain/can be felt
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| 90% of patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer have complained of ___ or ____? | 90% of pt diagnosed with endometrial CA have complained of post-menopausal bleeding or irregular vaginal bleeding.
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| Prolonged swelling of abdomen may be due to a ___ or ____? | mass or accumulation of fluid.
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| Digestive problems with ____ CA may include gas, loss of appetite, bloating, long-term stomach pain, or indigestion? | gynecological CA
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| In gynecological CA a person might have pelvic pressure which is a feeling as …? | Pelvic pressure (feeling as though you have to urinate or defecate all the time).
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| What is the diagnosis or tests for gynedological CA? | Referral to gynecologic oncologist; H & P; CT, MRI, or ultrasound; Biopsy; To detect spread; CA-125; Cystoscopy & proctoscopy
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| What are the problems of diagnosis with ovarian ca? | Difficult to obtain early diagnosis; Signs are vague: GI discomfort, etc.
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| What is the Gynecological CA: Treatment? | Extent of surgery depends on location & how far CA has spread; Hormone therapy (endometrial); Internal radiation (endometrial)
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| ____ therapy uses drugs such as ____ to slow the growth of endometrial CA cells? | Hormone therapy uses drugs such as progesterone to slow the growth of endometrial CA cells.
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| What is the Nursing care for: GYN Cancer? | Internal radiation; Brachytherapy; Patient is radioactive during treatment; Time, Distance, Shielding; External radiation; Skin Care; Side effects results due to site and dose
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| Infiltrating ductal carcinoma; Medullary carcinoma; Infiltrating lobular carcinoma are all types of what? | Breast CA
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| What % of Breast CA is Infiltrating ductal carcinoma? | Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (70-80%)
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| What % of Breast CA is medullary carcinoma? | Medullary carcinoma (5-7%)
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| What % of Breast CA is Infiltrating lobular carcinoma? | Infiltrating lobular carcinoma (5-10%)
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| What is the 2nd leading cause of death in women? | Breast CA: Mortality rates declined significantly during 1991-95
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| What are the NON-modifiable risk factors of Breast CA? | Gender; Aging; Genetic; Family/personal history; Race; Previous breast biopsy/irradiation
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| What are some Lifestyle related risk factors of Breast CA? | Oral contraceptives; Not having children; Estrogen replacement therapy; Alcohol & smoking; Obesity & high fat diets
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| What are Breast CA: Early Detection? | Screening mammogram; ACS protocol; Breast self-examination; Breast clinical physical examination
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| At what age should mammogram screenings start at? | Women age 40 & older should have a screening mammogram every year.
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| What are the S&S of breast ca? | None; Painless mass or lump; Nipple discharge; Dimpling of skin; Change in breast contour
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| How do you diagnosis breast ca? | Mammography; Breast ultrasound; Ductogram; Nipple discharge examination; Biopsy
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| What are the treatments for breast ca? | Surgical options; Chemotherapy & radiation; Hormone therapy; Estrogen/Progesterone-receptor positive vs. negative tumors; Tamoxifen; Stem cell transplant; Evista; Fareston; Herceptin
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| What are the 6 surgical options for breast ca? | 1. Lumpectomy 2. Mastectomy 3. Modified radical mastectomy 4. Radical mastectomy 5. Axillary dissection 6. Reconstructive surgery & breast implant surgery
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| What surgery removes only the breast lump & a surrounding margin of normal tissue? | lumpectomy
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| What surgery simply means breast & no lymph nodes? | Mastectomy (simple means breast & no lymph nodes)
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| What surgery is the removal of entire breast & the axillary lymph nodes? | Modified radical mastectomy (removal of entire breast & the axillary lymph nodes)
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| What surgery is the removal of entire breast, axillary lymph nodes, & the pectoral muscles under the breast? | Radical mastectomy: (removal of entire breast, axillary lymph nodes, & the pectoral muscles under the breast)
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| What surgery is done to determine whether CA has spread? | Axillary dissection (to determine whether CA has spread)
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| What surgery may be done at the time of the mastectomy? | Reconstructive surgery & breast implant surgery (may be done at the time of the mastectomy)
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| How do you provide nursing care for breast ca patients Post op? | Exercise operative arm; Elevate above heart; Pain moderate only-oral analgesics; J-tube; Teaching home care; Body image; Refer to Reach for Recovery; Sexuality concerns; Lymphedema; Etiology
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| Exercise and arm elevation; Physical therapy; Gentle massage; & compression sleeve are some nursing care given for _____ patients post op? | breast CA patients
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| What are the Breast Cancer (Post mastectomy) do’s and don’ts? | Do’s and Don’ts: Avoid blood pressure, injections, blood draw in affected arm; Prevent infection by wearing gloves & protecting hand & arm from trauma; Exercise arm & hand as directed
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| What are the benefits of breast reconstruction? | Goals: Symmetry & Contour; benefits that women still look normal and have a better self esteem related to their image
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| What are some post op nursing activities for a breast reconstruction pt? | Post-op; Tissue perfusion; Assessment of color, pulses, and sensation
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| __ & ___ are more extensive with breast reconstruction? | Pain and wound care more extensive with reconstruction
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| What are the two main types of Lymphomas and how many subtypes do they have? | Hodgkin lymphoma: 5 subtypes; Non-Hodgkin lymphomas: 30 subtypes
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| This cancer involves lymphocytes and lymph nodes. It can occur at any age. What is the cancer? | lymphomas
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| What are the S&S of Lymphoma? | Enlarged lymph nodes: May start with a painless swelling in the neck, under arm or groin. Enlargement of the spleen may cause abdominal pain or discomfort. Fever, chills, wt loss, night sweats.
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| How do you promote health and prevention of cancer? | Don’t use tobacco in any form; Eat high proportion of plant foods; Limit amounts of meat, dairy, & other high fat foods; Limit intake of alcoholic beverages; Maintain ideal body wt; Be physically active
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| What are the common sites of metastasis if you have Breast CA? | Bone*, Lung*, Liver, Brain
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| What are the common sites of metastasis for Lung CA? | Brain*, Bone, Liver, Lymph nodes, & Pancreas
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| What are the common sites of metastasis for Prostate CA? | Bone (especially spine & legs)* & Pelvic nodes
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| What are the common sites of metastasis for Melanoma CA? | Gastrointestinal tract, Lymph nodes, Lung, & Brain
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| What are the common sites of metastasis for Colorectal CA? | Liver*, Lymph nodes, & Adjacent structures
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| What are the common sites of metastasis for Primary Brain CA? | Central Nervous System
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| Small Cell Lung carcinoma is the most common in? | smokers
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| Anaplastic lung cancer is the most common in? | Non-smokers
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| What is the rate of Normal Cell division? | None or slow
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| What is the rate of Embryonic Cell Division? | Rapid, continuous
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| What is the rate of Benign Tumor Cell Division? | Continuous or inappropriate
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| What is the rate of Malignant Cell Division? | Rapid or continuous
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| What is the Appearance of Embryonic Cells and Malignant Cells? | Anaplastic
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| What is the Apperance of Normal & Benign Tumor Cells? | Specific morphologic features
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| What is the Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of Normal & Benign Tumor Cells? | Small
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| What is the Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of Embryonic & Malignant Cells? | Large
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| How many differentiated functions of Normal cells and Benign tumor cells are there? | Many
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| How many differentiated functions is there in embryonic cells? | NONE
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| How many differentiated functions are there in malignant cells? | Some or none
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| Are Normal & Benign Tumor Cells migratory? | NO
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| Are Embryonic & Malignant Cells migratory? | Yes
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| What is the growth of Normal and Embryonic Cells? | The Growth is Well regulated
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| In ____ the cell grows by expansion? | Benign Tumor Cell
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| In ___ the cell grows by invasion? | Malignant cell
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| Normal, Embryonic, & Benign Tumor Cells have how many chromosomes while malignant cells are____? | Normal…are Diploid while malignant cells are aneuploid
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| In pancreatic cancer what do you want to watch? | Lipase and amylase
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| What types of cells have High mitotic indexes? | Embryonic & Malignant Cells
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| What types of cells have LOW mitotic indexes? | Normal & Benign Tumor cells
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| Alcoholic beverages; steroids; arsenic; asbestos; benzene; Chemotherapy drugs (Alkylating agents, anthracylcine antibiotics, antimetabolites); cyclosporine; diesel exhaust… are all known ____? | Environmental Carcinogens
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| Formaldehyde; Hair dyes; Ionizing Radiation; Mineral oils; pesticides; polycylic hydrocarbons; polychlorinated biphenyls; Sunlight; & Tobacco are all ____? | Environmental Carcinogens
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix adeno indicate? | Epithelial glands
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Chondro indicate? | Cartilage
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Fibro indicate? | Fibrous connective tissue
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Glio indicate? | Glial cells (Brain)
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Hemangio indicate? | blood vessel
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Hepato indicate? | Liver
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Leiomyo indicate? | smooth Muscle
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Lipo indicate? | Fat/adipose
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Lympho indicate? | Lymphoid tissues
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Melano indicate? | Pigment-producing skin
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Meningio indicate? | Meninges
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Neuro indicate? | Nerve tissue
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Osteo indicate? | Bone
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Renal indicate? | Kidney
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Rhabdo indicate? | Skeletal muscle
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| What tissue of Origin does the prefix Squamous indicate? | Epithelial layer of skin, mucous membranes, and organ linings
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| What does Gx mean? | Grade of Malignant tumor cannot be determined
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| What does G1 mean? | Tumor cells are well differentiated & closely resemble the normal cells from which they arose; Considered low grade of malignant change; Tumor is malignant but are relatively SLOW Growing
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| What does G2 mean? | Tumor cells are moderately differentiated; they still retain some of the characteristics of normal cells but also have more malignant characterisitics than do G1 tumors
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| What does G3 mean? | Tumor cells are poorly differentiated, but the tissue of origin can usually be established; These cells have few normal cell characteristics
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| What does G4 mean? | Tumor cells are poorly differentiated & retain no normal cell characteristics; Determination of the tissue of origin is difficult & perhaps impossible
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| What does T stand for in TNM? | Primary Tumor
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| What does Tx mean? | Primary tumor cannot be assessed
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| What does T0 mean? | No evidence of primary tumor
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| What does Tis mean? | Cancinoma in situ
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| What does T1-4 mean? | Increasing size &/or local extent of the primary tumor
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| What does N stand for in TNM? | Regional Lymph Nodes
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| What does Nx mean? | Regional Lymph Node involvement cannot be assessed
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|
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| What does No mean? | No regional lymph node involvement
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| What does N1-3 mean? | Increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes
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| What does M stand for in TNM? | Distant Metastasis
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|
||||
| What does Mx mean? | Presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed
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|
||||
| What does Mo mean? | No distant metastasis
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|
||||
| What does M1 mean? | Distant metastasis
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|
||||
| What is transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM)? | it is reconstructive breast surgery where there lower abdominal muscle is used in combination with tissue expanders and implants to obtain symmetry. Breast appear natural.
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|
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