Microbiology,Test2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Syphilis | Hutchinson's triad - transplancental
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| gonorrhea | eye infections in newborns - transcervical
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| ureplasmal urethritis | spontaneous abortion - transplancental
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| Bacteriodes | intra-abdominal abcess
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| Listeriosis | spontaneious abortion, surviving newborn is acutely ill with septicemia and meningitis
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| lyme disease | borreliosis- can cause miscarriages, still born, neonatal deaths
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| Diptheria | metachromatic granules -picket fence shape
-3rd deadliest toxin
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| Pertussis | has endotoxin as part of cell wall and exotoxin produced in cytoplasm that damages tissues in area, attaches to cilia in trachea
-reason why water fountains redesigned
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| Streptococcus pneumonia | number one cause of meningitis
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| meningococcal meningitis | deadliest meningitis
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| Streptococcus pneumonia meningitis | pink/rusty sputum, common inhabitant of nasopharynx
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| Haemophilus influenza | can cause otitis media, sinusitis, epiglottis, pink eye, meningitis
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| Brazilian purpuric fever | causes purulent conjunctivitis and may lead to meningitis
-caused by Heamophilus influenza
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| meningococcal meningitis | Neisseria meningitides
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| Meningococcal meningitis | starts as pharyngitis then in the blood then meningitis
-can die in 2 hrs
-stiff neck
-deadliest meningitis
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| Waterhouse friedrichsen syndrome | if neisseria meningitides affects adrenal gland, death in 10-12 hrs
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| Tuberculosis | mycobacterium tuberculosis
"consumption"
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| tuberculosis | rust sputum
-early tubercle to caseous to ghon complex
-treat with INH (isoniazide)
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| Primary tb | active
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| latent tb | carriers, may develop tb
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| Granuloma | lesion of tb
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| Ghon complex | multiple granuloma, seen in tb, in lungs
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| BCG vaccine | in Europe, will always have positive PPD
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| QFT-G test | gives results similar to PPD but quicker and greater specificity
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| mycobacterium cheloni | wound TB, arthritis, skin abrasions, not contagious
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| mycobacterium haemophilim | immunocomprimised pts
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| Tuberculosis | mycobacterium tuberculosis
"consumption"
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| tuberculosis | rust sputum
-early tubercle to caseous to ghon complex
-treat with INH (isoniazide)
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| Primary tb | active
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| latent tb | carriers, may develop tb
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| Granuloma | lesion of tb
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| Ghon complex | multiple granuloma, seen in tb, in lungs
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| BCG vaccine | in Europe, will always have positive PPD
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| QFT-G test | gives results similar to PPD but quicker and greater specificity
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| mycobacterium cheloni | wound TB, arthritis, skin abrasions, not contagious
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| mycobacterium haemophilim | immunocomprimised pts
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| mycobacterium avium-intracellulare | associated with HIV
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| mycobacterium bovis | cow TB, transmitted to humans via milk/food
-seldom human to human
-HUNCHBACK
-used to be used for pasteurization
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| granuloma | lesion of tb
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| ghon complexes | multiple granuloma in tb lung
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| BCG | in europe, always have positive PPD
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| QFT-G test | results like PPD but quicker and greater specificity
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| mycobacterium cheloni | wound tb, arthritis, skin abrasions, not contagious
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| mycobacterium haemophilum | immunocompromised pt
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| mycobacterium avium-intracellulare | associated with HIV
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| mycobacterium bovis | cow tb, seldom human to human
HUNCHBACK
-used to be used for pasterurization
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| mycoplasma pneumonia | walking pneumonia
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| mycoplasma pneumonia | primary atypical pneumonia
-no cell wall
-fried egg appearance on cultures
-can cause Raynaud's
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| Treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia | arthromycin - can used penicillin (no cell wall)
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| Serratia marcescens | pneumonia
-nosocomial
-transmitted through aspiration/ventilators
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| Burkholdia cepacia complex | seen in serratia marcescens
-important pathogen in pt with cystic fibrosis
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| Legionella pneumophilia | infection after inhaling aerosol
-resistant to chlorine
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| Mild form of legionella | pontiac fever
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| Legionellosis | Legionaires disease
-resistant to chlorine
-seen on cruises
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| Strep pyrogenes | -most common, B hemolytic
-has M protein
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| streptokinase | dissolves fibrin clot
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| streptolysin | destroys RBCs
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| klebsiella pneumonia | nosocomial, resistant, gelatinous red brown sputum
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| pneumococcal pneumonia | encapsulated chain of diplococci
-caused by s. pneumonia
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| strep pyogenes | strep skin infection
-highly susceptible to penicillin
-can also cause impetigo, flesh eating disease
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| erysipelas | strep infection of skin
-red patches, enlarge and swell
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| Puerperal sepsis | complication of strep skin infection
-infected uterus
"childbed fever"
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| coagulase | staph
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| coagulase | forms fibrin clot which allows resistance to phagocytosis
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| hyaluronidase | pneumococci, staph, strep
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| hyaluronidase | allows tissue penetration
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| leukocidin | strep, staph
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| leukocidin | disintergrates phagocytes which limit phagocytosis
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| hemolysins | clostridium, staph
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| m protein | strep
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| M protein | helps cell adhere to pharyngeal tissue and retards phagocytes
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| intoxication | bacteria releases toxins into the environment (exotoxin) then you eat toxin
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| infection | eat bacteria and it releases toxins (endotoxin)
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| bacillus | aerobic
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| clostridium | anaerobic
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| raw milk before pasteurization | <200,000
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| pasteurization standards | <100,000
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| Grade A | 20,000
10 coliforms
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| Grade B | 1 million before pasteurization
10 coliforms
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| certified raw | 10,000 1 coliform
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| holding temp | 62.9
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| holding time | 30 seconds
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| flash temp | 71.6
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| flash time | 15 seconds
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| ultra temp | 82
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| ultra time | 3 seconds
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| ultra high temp | 140
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| ultra high time | 3 seconds
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| Parmalat | after ultra high
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| botulism bacteria | clostridium botulinum
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| botulism | anaerobic bacillus neurotoxin
found in dirt
destroyed by heating >90 for 10 min
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| infant botulism | dont give honey
SIDS
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| Type A botulism | most virulent
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| Type B botulism | European and eastern US
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| Type E botulism | marine or lake, seafood in pacific NW, Alaska
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| Trivalent antitoxin | of botulism
most effective on E, C, D
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| Staph food poisoning | staph aureus
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| staph aureus | ptomaine food poisoning
-ptomaine is foul smelling nitrogen in stool
-has coagulase
-found on custards, cream, mayo, ham
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| Clostridium perfringens | enterotoxin
-leading cause of food poisoning
-generation time <20 min
-can cause gas gangrene
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| typhoid bacteria | salmonella typhi
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| typhoid treatment | chloramphenicol - bad because can cause aplastic anemia, depress bone marrow
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| typhoid | transmitted by 5 F's (flies, fingers, feces, fomites, food)
-worst of all salmonellas
-WIDAL test
-carry in gall bladder
-rose spots - ulcerates
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| Salmonella | from typhoid
-common in poultry, dont stuff!
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| Shiga toxin | lambda phages
-common source - shigella dysenteriae, E.Coli (STEC)
-require highly specific recepters
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| First response to shiga toxin | killing of cells lead to a breakdown of the lining and hemorrhage, causing blood diarrhea
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| Second response to shiga toxin | -targets vascular endothelium of kidney leading to Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
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| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | -seen with shiga toxin
-Shigella dysenteriae
-E.coli
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| most common shigella | S. sonnei
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| Shigella that secretes shiga toxin | S. dysenteriae
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| Shigella | exotoxin 8, proliferate in SI but damage to LI
-can lead to post shigella reiter's syndrome (arthritis) or HUS
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| Cholera bacteria | Vibrio cholerae
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| Cholera | in human feces, Night soil
-vibrio cholerae
-rice water stools
-fluid loss
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| travelers diarrhea bacteria | e.coli
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| E.Coli | 0157:H7
-produce shiga toxin
-normally in intestines of cattle to help with vit K
-FASTEST GENERATION TIME (20min)
-can cause HUS
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| Campylobacter gastroenteritis | microaerophilic sprillum
-infective dose needed is much smaller than salmonella
-can be mild or very severe
-2nd most common cause of diarrhea in US
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| 2nd most common cause of diarrhea in US | campylobacter
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| helicobacter | peptic ulcer disease
-seen in type O ppl
-acid resistant H. pylori
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| pseudomembranous colitis bacteria | clostridium difficile
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| clostridium difficile | anaerobic
-cured by discontinuing antibiotics
-can be nosocomial
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| brucella | undulant fever
-grow in macrophages
-bacteria multiplies in uterus of infected animals
-growth favored by carb mesoerythritol
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| undulating fever | saddleback temp curve from bacteria brucella
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| vibrio parahaemolyticus | similar to cholera but halophilic (salt water)
-contaminated fish, shrimp, crabs
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| bacillus cereus | runs course quickly, no fever, recovery 2 days
-spores survive cooked foods (often after eating cooked rice)
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| major bacterial pollutant | coliforms (E.coli)
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| gonyaulax | red tide
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| paralytic mollusk poisoning | bivalve mollusks during red tide lead to tingling, resp paralysis
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| Gambierdiscus toxicus | consumed by small fish then larger
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| Ciguatera fish poisioning | neurologic and muscular intoxicaiton - shark
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| scromboid fish poisoning | histamine substance produced by proteus fish like tuna
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| most transmitted Std | HPV
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| syphilis bacteria | treponema pallidum
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| primary syphilis | hard chancre, painless
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| secondary syphilis | hair loss maliase, mild fever
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| gumma | seen in secondary syphilis
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| syphilis transplancental | 4th week
hutchinsons triad
-notched teeth, deaf, impaired vision
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| Tabes dorsalis | seen in syphilis
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| Tabes dorsalis | slow progessive degeneration of the posterior columns and nerve roots
-Argyll Robertson pupils
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| syphilis test | 1.FTA-ABS treponema glows
2.Wasserman test - complement fixation test
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| gonorrhea bacteria | neisseria
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| gonorrhea | discharge, gonococccal meningitis, transplancental gonococcal opthalmia neonatum
-penicillin resistant
-Gonococcal Reiters syndrome
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| complications of gonorrhea | salpingitis, epididymitis
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| ureplasmal urethritis | type of mycoplasma
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| ureplasmal urethritis | nongonococcal but similar to gonorrhea
-discharge is variable
-complications - low sperm count, spontaneous abortions
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| Haemophilus ducreyi | chancroid
-swollen lymph nodes in groin
-#1 std in europe
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| #1 std in europe | haemophilus ducreyi
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| lymphogranuloma venerum bacteria | clamydia trachomatis
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| chlamydia trachomatis | infects lymphoid tissue
-lesion without scar
-then scar leads to edema of genital area and enlargement of genitals
-rectal narrowing in females
-lymphogranuloma venerum
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| vaginosis bacteria | gardnerella vaginalis
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| vaginosis | no significant inflammation, doesnt occur in males, occurs when pH vagina >5
-CLUE CELLS in discharge
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| Leprosy bacteria | mycobacterium leprae
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| Leprosy | grows at lower temp
-foot pad of armadillos
-Hansen's disease - skin contact, inhalation, crowded conditions
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| Globi | seen in leprosy - disfiguring nodules all over body
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| Forms of leprosy | 1.tuberculoid- neural, least offensive
2.Lepromatous- progressive, deformities
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| incubation period of leprosy | 2-6 years
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| treatment of leprosy | Dapsone
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| Staph aureus toxins | 1.coagulase - forms fibrin clot
2.capsule - promotes colonization
3.hyaluronidase - invasin that promotes spread in tissues
4.leukocidin - lyse cell membranes
kinases, hemolysins, leukotoxin
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| Most common cause for skin and soft tissue infections | staph aureus
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| staph aureus | folliculitis (pimple)
-furuncle (serios follicle infection - boil)
-carbuncle (many boils)
-cellulitis
-impetigo
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| scalded skin syndrome | seen in staph
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| scalded skin syndrome | exfoliative toxin causing skin to come off - sunburn type rash)
-usually lesion around mouth/nose
-infected areas peel off in sheets
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| toxic shock syndrome | seen in staph and strep pyogenes
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| toxic shock syndrome | 1.early - rapid fever, sore throat, sunburn like rash
2.peeling of skin
3. sudden drop in BP can add to shock
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| strep skin infection | strep pyogenes
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| Strep pyogenes | hemolysin toxin, highly susceptible to penicillin
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| erythrogenic toxin | from strep pyogenes
-causes scarlet fever
-bright red tongue, sore throat, rash
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| ervsipelas | strep skin infection
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| ervsipelas | eruptions into reddish patches that enlarge and swell at margins
-skin outbreak usually preceded in body by strep infection
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| Yaws | non-syphilitic treponema
-skin contact with infected victim
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| mother yaws | 1st raised lesion and raspberry color (frambesia)
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| Actinomyces israelli | LUMPY JAW
-enters gums during dental extraction
-SULFUR GRANULES collect, turn lumpy
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| Nocardia asteroides | abscessed foot - Madura food
-TB like fever, cough, bloody sputum, cutaneous and pulmonary
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| Bacteriodes | #1 agent for intra abdominal abscess
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| Bacteriodes | intestinal injury, gangrene, anaerobic
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| Domestic animal bites | Pasteurella multicida
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| Rat Bite Fever | needs 2 bacteria, streptobacillis and spirillum
-inflammation of lymph nodes
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| Cat Scratch fever bacteria | Bartonella
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| cat scratch fever | swelling of lymph nodes
-Bartonella
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| Anthrax bacteria | bacillus anthracis
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| anthrax | aerobic spores in dirt
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| two forms of anthrax | 1.cutaneous - abrasion or cut -> pustules, boil like lesion with black crust
2.pulmonary - inhale endospores, high fever, septicemia, flu like symptoms
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| When does blood clot like coal? | pulmonary anthrax
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| Woolsorter disease and sheepshearer disease | anthrax
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| tetanus bacteria | clostridium tetani
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| clostridium tetani | -tetanospasmin - neurotoxin blocks relaxation
-lockjaw
-2nd deadliest toxin to man
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| Gas gangrene bacteria | clostridium perfringens
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| Clostridium perfringens | Gas gangrene - anaerobic
-complication in diabetes
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| Leptospirosis bacteria | Leptospira interrogans
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| Leptospirosis | -spirochete with hooks
-urine contaminated soil/water/rodent
-TULIPS
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| Phase 1 of Leptospirosis | gets into blood, headache, muscle ache, chills, fever for days
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| Phase 2 of Leptospirosis | throughout body, kidneys, heart, neuro and liver become seriously infected
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| Weil's Disease | from Leptospirosis
-kidney invasion - kidney failure
-can also cause meningitis
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| Listeriosis bacteria | Listeria monocytogenes
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| Listeriosis | proliferation of monocytes
-excreted in animal feces
-Foodborne - dairy and processed meat, can grow at refrigerator temp
-Causes meningitis
-affects immunosuppressed, cancer, transplancental
-if not treated with penicillin, death in 4 days
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| Meloidiosis bacteria | pseudomonas pseudomallei
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| Meloidiosis | rare in US from Viet Nam vets
-soil contaminated wounds
-can remain dormant for years, disease triggered by immunosuppression, surgery, influenza
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| Bubonic plague | yersina pestis
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| Bubonic plague | swollen lymph nodes in arms and groin, become necrotic and turn blue
-death within a week of symptoms
-often first step of a progressive series of illnesses
-often from rat/rat fleas
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| Bubos | swollen lymph nodes (seen in Bubonic plague)
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| Pneumonic plague | worse form of bubonic plague
-rapid onset
-induced coughing, very infectious, hemoptysis, hematuria
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| Lenticulae | black dots scattered throughout body seen in bubonic plague
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| Tularemia bacteria | Francisella tularemia
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| Tularemia | zoonotic
-RABBIT FEVER
-regional lymph nodes swell
-contracted through skinning rabbits, ingestion of infected undercooked meat
-bacteria survives in phagocytes
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| Lyme disease bacteria | borrelia bergdof
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| Lyme disease | Lyme borreliosis
-borrelia bergdof - lyme titers test
-spirochete carried by deer and field mice
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| most common tickborne disease in US | lyme disease
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| Phase 1 of lyme disease | ECM - Erythema Chronicum Migrans - bulls eye rash
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| Phase 2 of lyme disease | meningitis, encephalitis, BELLS PALSY, heart and all organs affected, arthritis
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| Congenital Lyme | can cause miscarriage, stillborne, neonatal deaths (rare)
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| Relapsing fever | Borrelia species ->except for the ones that carry lyme disease, all cause relapsing fever
-greater during summer months
-relapse every 3-10 days, each shorter and less severe
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|
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