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Microbiology,Test2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Syphilis | Hutchinson's triad - transplancental |
| gonorrhea | eye infections in newborns - transcervical |
| ureplasmal urethritis | spontaneous abortion - transplancental |
| Bacteriodes | intra-abdominal abcess |
| Listeriosis | spontaneious abortion, surviving newborn is acutely ill with septicemia and meningitis |
| lyme disease | borreliosis- can cause miscarriages, still born, neonatal deaths |
| Diptheria | metachromatic granules -picket fence shape -3rd deadliest toxin |
| Pertussis | has endotoxin as part of cell wall and exotoxin produced in cytoplasm that damages tissues in area, attaches to cilia in trachea -reason why water fountains redesigned |
| Streptococcus pneumonia | number one cause of meningitis |
| meningococcal meningitis | deadliest meningitis |
| Streptococcus pneumonia meningitis | pink/rusty sputum, common inhabitant of nasopharynx |
| Haemophilus influenza | can cause otitis media, sinusitis, epiglottis, pink eye, meningitis |
| Brazilian purpuric fever | causes purulent conjunctivitis and may lead to meningitis -caused by Heamophilus influenza |
| meningococcal meningitis | Neisseria meningitides |
| Meningococcal meningitis | starts as pharyngitis then in the blood then meningitis -can die in 2 hrs -stiff neck -deadliest meningitis |
| Waterhouse friedrichsen syndrome | if neisseria meningitides affects adrenal gland, death in 10-12 hrs |
| Tuberculosis | mycobacterium tuberculosis "consumption" |
| tuberculosis | rust sputum -early tubercle to caseous to ghon complex -treat with INH (isoniazide) |
| Primary tb | active |
| latent tb | carriers, may develop tb |
| Granuloma | lesion of tb |
| Ghon complex | multiple granuloma, seen in tb, in lungs |
| BCG vaccine | in Europe, will always have positive PPD |
| QFT-G test | gives results similar to PPD but quicker and greater specificity |
| mycobacterium cheloni | wound TB, arthritis, skin abrasions, not contagious |
| mycobacterium haemophilim | immunocomprimised pts |
| Tuberculosis | mycobacterium tuberculosis "consumption" |
| tuberculosis | rust sputum -early tubercle to caseous to ghon complex -treat with INH (isoniazide) |
| Primary tb | active |
| latent tb | carriers, may develop tb |
| Granuloma | lesion of tb |
| Ghon complex | multiple granuloma, seen in tb, in lungs |
| BCG vaccine | in Europe, will always have positive PPD |
| QFT-G test | gives results similar to PPD but quicker and greater specificity |
| mycobacterium cheloni | wound TB, arthritis, skin abrasions, not contagious |
| mycobacterium haemophilim | immunocomprimised pts |
| mycobacterium avium-intracellulare | associated with HIV |
| mycobacterium bovis | cow TB, transmitted to humans via milk/food -seldom human to human -HUNCHBACK -used to be used for pasteurization |
| granuloma | lesion of tb |
| ghon complexes | multiple granuloma in tb lung |
| BCG | in europe, always have positive PPD |
| QFT-G test | results like PPD but quicker and greater specificity |
| mycobacterium cheloni | wound tb, arthritis, skin abrasions, not contagious |
| mycobacterium haemophilum | immunocompromised pt |
| mycobacterium avium-intracellulare | associated with HIV |
| mycobacterium bovis | cow tb, seldom human to human HUNCHBACK -used to be used for pasterurization |
| mycoplasma pneumonia | walking pneumonia |
| mycoplasma pneumonia | primary atypical pneumonia -no cell wall -fried egg appearance on cultures -can cause Raynaud's |
| Treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia | arthromycin - can used penicillin (no cell wall) |
| Serratia marcescens | pneumonia -nosocomial -transmitted through aspiration/ventilators |
| Burkholdia cepacia complex | seen in serratia marcescens -important pathogen in pt with cystic fibrosis |
| Legionella pneumophilia | infection after inhaling aerosol -resistant to chlorine |
| Mild form of legionella | pontiac fever |
| Legionellosis | Legionaires disease -resistant to chlorine -seen on cruises |
| Strep pyrogenes | -most common, B hemolytic -has M protein |
| streptokinase | dissolves fibrin clot |
| streptolysin | destroys RBCs |
| klebsiella pneumonia | nosocomial, resistant, gelatinous red brown sputum |
| pneumococcal pneumonia | encapsulated chain of diplococci -caused by s. pneumonia |
| strep pyogenes | strep skin infection -highly susceptible to penicillin -can also cause impetigo, flesh eating disease |
| erysipelas | strep infection of skin -red patches, enlarge and swell |
| Puerperal sepsis | complication of strep skin infection -infected uterus "childbed fever" |
| coagulase | staph |
| coagulase | forms fibrin clot which allows resistance to phagocytosis |
| hyaluronidase | pneumococci, staph, strep |
| hyaluronidase | allows tissue penetration |
| leukocidin | strep, staph |
| leukocidin | disintergrates phagocytes which limit phagocytosis |
| hemolysins | clostridium, staph |
| m protein | strep |
| M protein | helps cell adhere to pharyngeal tissue and retards phagocytes |
| intoxication | bacteria releases toxins into the environment (exotoxin) then you eat toxin |
| infection | eat bacteria and it releases toxins (endotoxin) |
| bacillus | aerobic |
| clostridium | anaerobic |
| raw milk before pasteurization | <200,000 |
| pasteurization standards | <100,000 |
| Grade A | 20,000 10 coliforms |
| Grade B | 1 million before pasteurization 10 coliforms |
| certified raw | 10,000 1 coliform |
| holding temp | 62.9 |
| holding time | 30 seconds |
| flash temp | 71.6 |
| flash time | 15 seconds |
| ultra temp | 82 |
| ultra time | 3 seconds |
| ultra high temp | 140 |
| ultra high time | 3 seconds |
| Parmalat | after ultra high |
| botulism bacteria | clostridium botulinum |
| botulism | anaerobic bacillus neurotoxin found in dirt destroyed by heating >90 for 10 min |
| infant botulism | dont give honey SIDS |
| Type A botulism | most virulent |
| Type B botulism | European and eastern US |
| Type E botulism | marine or lake, seafood in pacific NW, Alaska |
| Trivalent antitoxin | of botulism most effective on E, C, D |
| Staph food poisoning | staph aureus |
| staph aureus | ptomaine food poisoning -ptomaine is foul smelling nitrogen in stool -has coagulase -found on custards, cream, mayo, ham |
| Clostridium perfringens | enterotoxin -leading cause of food poisoning -generation time <20 min -can cause gas gangrene |
| typhoid bacteria | salmonella typhi |
| typhoid treatment | chloramphenicol - bad because can cause aplastic anemia, depress bone marrow |
| typhoid | transmitted by 5 F's (flies, fingers, feces, fomites, food) -worst of all salmonellas -WIDAL test -carry in gall bladder -rose spots - ulcerates |
| Salmonella | from typhoid -common in poultry, dont stuff! |
| Shiga toxin | lambda phages -common source - shigella dysenteriae, E.Coli (STEC) -require highly specific recepters |
| First response to shiga toxin | killing of cells lead to a breakdown of the lining and hemorrhage, causing blood diarrhea |
| Second response to shiga toxin | -targets vascular endothelium of kidney leading to Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) |
| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | -seen with shiga toxin -Shigella dysenteriae -E.coli |
| most common shigella | S. sonnei |
| Shigella that secretes shiga toxin | S. dysenteriae |
| Shigella | exotoxin 8, proliferate in SI but damage to LI -can lead to post shigella reiter's syndrome (arthritis) or HUS |
| Cholera bacteria | Vibrio cholerae |
| Cholera | in human feces, Night soil -vibrio cholerae -rice water stools -fluid loss |
| travelers diarrhea bacteria | e.coli |
| E.Coli | 0157:H7 -produce shiga toxin -normally in intestines of cattle to help with vit K -FASTEST GENERATION TIME (20min) -can cause HUS |
| Campylobacter gastroenteritis | microaerophilic sprillum -infective dose needed is much smaller than salmonella -can be mild or very severe -2nd most common cause of diarrhea in US |
| 2nd most common cause of diarrhea in US | campylobacter |
| helicobacter | peptic ulcer disease -seen in type O ppl -acid resistant H. pylori |
| pseudomembranous colitis bacteria | clostridium difficile |
| clostridium difficile | anaerobic -cured by discontinuing antibiotics -can be nosocomial |
| brucella | undulant fever -grow in macrophages -bacteria multiplies in uterus of infected animals -growth favored by carb mesoerythritol |
| undulating fever | saddleback temp curve from bacteria brucella |
| vibrio parahaemolyticus | similar to cholera but halophilic (salt water) -contaminated fish, shrimp, crabs |
| bacillus cereus | runs course quickly, no fever, recovery 2 days -spores survive cooked foods (often after eating cooked rice) |
| major bacterial pollutant | coliforms (E.coli) |
| gonyaulax | red tide |
| paralytic mollusk poisoning | bivalve mollusks during red tide lead to tingling, resp paralysis |
| Gambierdiscus toxicus | consumed by small fish then larger |
| Ciguatera fish poisioning | neurologic and muscular intoxicaiton - shark |
| scromboid fish poisoning | histamine substance produced by proteus fish like tuna |
| most transmitted Std | HPV |
| syphilis bacteria | treponema pallidum |
| primary syphilis | hard chancre, painless |
| secondary syphilis | hair loss maliase, mild fever |
| gumma | seen in secondary syphilis |
| syphilis transplancental | 4th week hutchinsons triad -notched teeth, deaf, impaired vision |
| Tabes dorsalis | seen in syphilis |
| Tabes dorsalis | slow progessive degeneration of the posterior columns and nerve roots -Argyll Robertson pupils |
| syphilis test | 1.FTA-ABS treponema glows 2.Wasserman test - complement fixation test |
| gonorrhea bacteria | neisseria |
| gonorrhea | discharge, gonococccal meningitis, transplancental gonococcal opthalmia neonatum -penicillin resistant -Gonococcal Reiters syndrome |
| complications of gonorrhea | salpingitis, epididymitis |
| ureplasmal urethritis | type of mycoplasma |
| ureplasmal urethritis | nongonococcal but similar to gonorrhea -discharge is variable -complications - low sperm count, spontaneous abortions |
| Haemophilus ducreyi | chancroid -swollen lymph nodes in groin -#1 std in europe |
| #1 std in europe | haemophilus ducreyi |
| lymphogranuloma venerum bacteria | clamydia trachomatis |
| chlamydia trachomatis | infects lymphoid tissue -lesion without scar -then scar leads to edema of genital area and enlargement of genitals -rectal narrowing in females -lymphogranuloma venerum |
| vaginosis bacteria | gardnerella vaginalis |
| vaginosis | no significant inflammation, doesnt occur in males, occurs when pH vagina >5 -CLUE CELLS in discharge |
| Leprosy bacteria | mycobacterium leprae |
| Leprosy | grows at lower temp -foot pad of armadillos -Hansen's disease - skin contact, inhalation, crowded conditions |
| Globi | seen in leprosy - disfiguring nodules all over body |
| Forms of leprosy | 1.tuberculoid- neural, least offensive 2.Lepromatous- progressive, deformities |
| incubation period of leprosy | 2-6 years |
| treatment of leprosy | Dapsone |
| Staph aureus toxins | 1.coagulase - forms fibrin clot 2.capsule - promotes colonization 3.hyaluronidase - invasin that promotes spread in tissues 4.leukocidin - lyse cell membranes kinases, hemolysins, leukotoxin |
| Most common cause for skin and soft tissue infections | staph aureus |
| staph aureus | folliculitis (pimple) -furuncle (serios follicle infection - boil) -carbuncle (many boils) -cellulitis -impetigo |
| scalded skin syndrome | seen in staph |
| scalded skin syndrome | exfoliative toxin causing skin to come off - sunburn type rash) -usually lesion around mouth/nose -infected areas peel off in sheets |
| toxic shock syndrome | seen in staph and strep pyogenes |
| toxic shock syndrome | 1.early - rapid fever, sore throat, sunburn like rash 2.peeling of skin 3. sudden drop in BP can add to shock |
| strep skin infection | strep pyogenes |
| Strep pyogenes | hemolysin toxin, highly susceptible to penicillin |
| erythrogenic toxin | from strep pyogenes -causes scarlet fever -bright red tongue, sore throat, rash |
| ervsipelas | strep skin infection |
| ervsipelas | eruptions into reddish patches that enlarge and swell at margins -skin outbreak usually preceded in body by strep infection |
| Yaws | non-syphilitic treponema -skin contact with infected victim |
| mother yaws | 1st raised lesion and raspberry color (frambesia) |
| Actinomyces israelli | LUMPY JAW -enters gums during dental extraction -SULFUR GRANULES collect, turn lumpy |
| Nocardia asteroides | abscessed foot - Madura food -TB like fever, cough, bloody sputum, cutaneous and pulmonary |
| Bacteriodes | #1 agent for intra abdominal abscess |
| Bacteriodes | intestinal injury, gangrene, anaerobic |
| Domestic animal bites | Pasteurella multicida |
| Rat Bite Fever | needs 2 bacteria, streptobacillis and spirillum -inflammation of lymph nodes |
| Cat Scratch fever bacteria | Bartonella |
| cat scratch fever | swelling of lymph nodes -Bartonella |
| Anthrax bacteria | bacillus anthracis |
| anthrax | aerobic spores in dirt |
| two forms of anthrax | 1.cutaneous - abrasion or cut -> pustules, boil like lesion with black crust 2.pulmonary - inhale endospores, high fever, septicemia, flu like symptoms |
| When does blood clot like coal? | pulmonary anthrax |
| Woolsorter disease and sheepshearer disease | anthrax |
| tetanus bacteria | clostridium tetani |
| clostridium tetani | -tetanospasmin - neurotoxin blocks relaxation -lockjaw -2nd deadliest toxin to man |
| Gas gangrene bacteria | clostridium perfringens |
| Clostridium perfringens | Gas gangrene - anaerobic -complication in diabetes |
| Leptospirosis bacteria | Leptospira interrogans |
| Leptospirosis | -spirochete with hooks -urine contaminated soil/water/rodent -TULIPS |
| Phase 1 of Leptospirosis | gets into blood, headache, muscle ache, chills, fever for days |
| Phase 2 of Leptospirosis | throughout body, kidneys, heart, neuro and liver become seriously infected |
| Weil's Disease | from Leptospirosis -kidney invasion - kidney failure -can also cause meningitis |
| Listeriosis bacteria | Listeria monocytogenes |
| Listeriosis | proliferation of monocytes -excreted in animal feces -Foodborne - dairy and processed meat, can grow at refrigerator temp -Causes meningitis -affects immunosuppressed, cancer, transplancental -if not treated with penicillin, death in 4 days |
| Meloidiosis bacteria | pseudomonas pseudomallei |
| Meloidiosis | rare in US from Viet Nam vets -soil contaminated wounds -can remain dormant for years, disease triggered by immunosuppression, surgery, influenza |
| Bubonic plague | yersina pestis |
| Bubonic plague | swollen lymph nodes in arms and groin, become necrotic and turn blue -death within a week of symptoms -often first step of a progressive series of illnesses -often from rat/rat fleas |
| Bubos | swollen lymph nodes (seen in Bubonic plague) |
| Pneumonic plague | worse form of bubonic plague -rapid onset -induced coughing, very infectious, hemoptysis, hematuria |
| Lenticulae | black dots scattered throughout body seen in bubonic plague |
| Tularemia bacteria | Francisella tularemia |
| Tularemia | zoonotic -RABBIT FEVER -regional lymph nodes swell -contracted through skinning rabbits, ingestion of infected undercooked meat -bacteria survives in phagocytes |
| Lyme disease bacteria | borrelia bergdof |
| Lyme disease | Lyme borreliosis -borrelia bergdof - lyme titers test -spirochete carried by deer and field mice |
| most common tickborne disease in US | lyme disease |
| Phase 1 of lyme disease | ECM - Erythema Chronicum Migrans - bulls eye rash |
| Phase 2 of lyme disease | meningitis, encephalitis, BELLS PALSY, heart and all organs affected, arthritis |
| Congenital Lyme | can cause miscarriage, stillborne, neonatal deaths (rare) |
| Relapsing fever | Borrelia species ->except for the ones that carry lyme disease, all cause relapsing fever -greater during summer months -relapse every 3-10 days, each shorter and less severe |
Created by:
jjohrden16
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