chemistry, organic compounds, water, osmosis, cycles, photosynthesis/respiration
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| hypothesis | a possible answer or outcome for a scientific problem
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| bias | showing an unfair preference or favoring one side; opinionated; swayed
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| independent variable | the variable that is purposely changed and tested
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| dependent variable | the variable being measured; the response to the I.V.
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| control group | group used for comparison in an experiment
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| constants | all factors that stay the same
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| trials | the number of times a test is repeated in an experiment
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| data | information gathered during an experiment; can be qualitative or quantitative
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| polarity | having an unequal distribution of charges (+ and -)
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| solvent | a substance that dissolves another
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| solute | substance being dissolved
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| hydrophobic | "water-fearing"; will not mix with water
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| hydrophillic | "water-loving"; mixes with water
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| surface tension | stronger attractive force of water molecules on the top surface of water
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| capillary action | the upward movement of water through narrow tubes
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| homeostasis | state of maintaining constant, stable conditions for survival
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| cell membrane | thin, flexible, semi-permeable barrier that surrounds all cells
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| selectively permeable | able to choose what enters and exits
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| diffusion | the movement of molecules from high to low concentration
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| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a membrane
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| concentration gradient | force that moves molecules with the natural flow from high to low concentration
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| isotonic | equal concentration; water enters and exits a cell at the same rate
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| hypotonic | lower water concentration inside a cell; water enters the cell and it swells
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| hypertonic | lower water concentation outside the cell; water exits the cell and it shrinks
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| passive transport | transport in/out of a cell with no energy required
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| compounds | a combination of two or more elements
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| reactants | what you begin a chemical reaction with
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| products | the end result of a chemical reaction
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| pH | measure of how acidic or basic a substance is
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| acid | substance with a pH below 7
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| base | substance with a pH above 7
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| organic | compound that contains carbon
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| inorganic | compound that does not contain carbon
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| carbohydrate | biological macromolecule that provides energy for living organisms; made up of monosaccarides
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| lipid | biological macromolecule that makes up cell membranes, acts as insulation, is a source of stored energy, etc.; made up of fatty acids
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| monosaccarides | building block of all carbohydrates; simple sugar
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| fatty acid | building block of all lipids
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| glucose | important carbohydrate used for energy; made during photosynthesis and broken down during cell respiration
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| cellulose | carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plant cells
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| starch | complex carbohydrate that is stored sugar in plants
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| glycogen | complex carbohydrate that is stored sugar in animals
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| phospholipid | lipid that makes up the cell membranes of all cells
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| cholesterol | lipid that helps with nervous system and brain functioning
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| protein | important macromolecule that helps control cell reactions and builds tissues in living organisms; made up of amino acids
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| nucleic acid | important macromolecule that carries genetic information and synthesizes proteins; made up of nucleotides
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| amino acid | building block of proteins
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| nucleotide | building block of nucleic acids; has 3 parts: sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
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| polypeptide | a long chain of amino acids; the completed protein
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| enzyme | a type of protein that speeds up and controls chemical reaction rates in living organisms
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| catalyst | another term for enzyme
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; type of nucleic acid that holds genetic information; forms a double helix
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| RNA | ribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid that helps synthesize proteins
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| vitamin | organic compounds needed in small amounts for proper growth and health
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| mineral | inorganic compounds important to cell and body functioning
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| chloroplast | cell organelle where photosynthesis takes place; make glucose for plants
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| chlorophyll | pigment that captures sunlight for photosynthesis
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| photosynthesis | process in plants where light energy is used to change CO2 and H2O into food (glucose)
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| chemosynthesis | process in bacteria where inorganic chemicals are converted into food; no light needed
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| mitochondria | cell organelle where cellular respiration takes place; releases energy from glucose
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| ATP | chemical energy made during cellular respiration
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| cellular respiration | process in plants and animals where energy is released from glucose; requires oxygen
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| aerobic | process that needs oxygen
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| anaerobic | process that does not need oxygen
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| fermentation | anaerobic process in yeast and bacteria where energy is released from glucose without oxygen
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| Active Transport | transport in and out of cell that requires energy, going against the gradient.
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| Facilitated diffusion | diffusion "helped" by transport proteins. A type of passive transport.
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| Transport protein | proteins that help molecules across the cell membrane
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| endocytosis | cell surrounds and engulfs material too big to pass through cell membrane
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| exocytosis | cell expels material too big to pass through the cell membrane - pushes it out.
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| Peptide bond | "glue" that holds the amino acids together
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| Duration | how long the experiment lasts
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| Conclusion | summary of what happened during the experiment
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| Experiment | a test carried our to determine the validity of an hypothesis.
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| Data | the information collected during the experiment. Can be quantitative or qualitative.
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| Qualitative Data | data gotten by using your senses - see, hear, touch, taste, smell.
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| Quantitative Data | numerical data - numbers
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| Variable | any factor or condition that can be controlled or changed.
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| Solution | mixing of solute and solvent.
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| Energy | ATP; the ability to do work.
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| Endothermic | to take in, or absorb heat from the environment.
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| Exothermic | to release heat into the environment
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| Metabolism | rate at which your body burns energy.
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| Adhesion | water sticks to other things.
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| Cohesion | water sticks to other water molecules.
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| Element | substance that cannot be broken down any further.
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| Monomer | a building block, or puzzle piece
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| Polymer | the finished product, or completed puzzle
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| Vitamin A | for vision, immune system health, bone development,making red blood cells. found in fish and carrots.
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| Vitamin C | for growth and repair of body tissues. found in citrus fruit.
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| Vitamin K | important for proper blood clotting. In leafy green vegetables.
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| Vitamin D | health of teeth and bones. Added to milk.
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| Bacteria | a prokaryote; a one-celled organism with no nucleus and very few organelles
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| Bacteriophage | a virus that infects and replicates inside of a bacteria.
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| Toxin | a poison
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| Vaccine | an injection of a killed microbe/germ to build immunity against it.
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| Cell | the smallest, basic unit of life
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| Prokaryote | a simple cell without a nucleus and has very few organelles.
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| Eukaryote | Complex cell with a nucleus and many membrane bound organelles.
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| Cell Wall | provides structure and support for plant cells; made of cellulose.
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| Cell Membrane | cells barrier; controls what enters and exits the cell; made of phospholipids.
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| Nucleus | Control center of the cell that contains DNA instructions; "brain" of the cell.
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| DNA (cell unit) | genetic material located in the nucleus of eukaryotes and found free floating in prokaryotes.
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| Ribosome | organelle that makes proteins
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| Vacuole | used for temporary storage of waste, water, food and other materials in cells; much bigger in plant cells.
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| Lysosomes | cells "clean-up crew"; break down old, damaged cell parts and contain enzymes for cellular digestion. ( Think; "Lysol")
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| mitochondria | site of cellular respiration, where energy is released from glucose using oxygen. cells "powerhouse."
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| Organelle | "Tiny organs." Parts of the cell that do specific jobs.
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| Cytoplasm | "jelly-like" substance the organelles float in.
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| Golgi Apparatus/bodies | sorts and packages material for transport around the cell. like the cells "post office."
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| Nucleolus | inside nucleus; makes ribosomes.
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| Vascular Tissue | Xylem and phloem; Used in plants to circulate water, sugar and other nutrients to all cells of the plant.
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| Hemoglobin | protein in blood that carries oxygen.
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| Cilia | short, hair-like projections used for cellular movement. "silly little hairs"
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| Flagella | long, whip-like projection used for cellular movement.
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| Pseudpodia | cytoplasmic projections used for movement. like a "false foot."
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| Homeostasis | state of maintaining constant, stable, balanced conditions for survival. Also referred to as dynamic equilibrium.
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| Circulatory System (blood) | transports water, oxygen and nutrients to cell, and takes waste away from cells
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| Respiratory System | exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and the blood.
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| Endocrine System | produces chemicals and hormones for use in chemical reactions.
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| Excretory System | filters and releases metabolic (liquid) waste from the body via the kidneys; keeps salt and water balance.
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| Nervous System | sends electrical signals throughout the body for function and communication.
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| Skeletal System | bones; for structure, support and protection
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| Muscular System | for movement; both voluntary and involuntary muscles.
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| Asexual Reproduction | Reproduction where no egg and sperm are involved; offspring are produced from one parent cell and are identical to parent.
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| Sexual Reproduction | reproduction where egg and sperm are united to form offspring. Offspring are unique.
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| Budding | Asexual reproduction where offspring grow on parent cell; Yeast.
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| Binary Fission | asexual reproduction in bacteria where the cell splits into two.
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| Vegetative Reproduction | asexual reproduction in plants where the offspring are produced without seeds or spores.
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| Malignant Tumor | Harmful, cancerous growth of cells
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| Gamete | a sex cell; egg and sperm
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| Codon | A set of 3 bases that code for an amino acid; A-U-G = 1 codon
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| Dominant Trait | The trait that shows - shown by the capital letter and always hides the recessive; Tt
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| Recessive trait | Trait hidden by the dominant - only shows when 2 recessive genes combine; tt
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| Sex-linked trait | Trait that is attached to the "X" chromosome; also called "X" linked trait.
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| Incomplete Dominance | 2 traits combine to make an in-between trait - red flower + white flower = pink flower offspring.
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| Co- dominance | 2 traits shown equally in offspring; black chicken + white chicken = checkered (black and white) chicken.
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| Pedigree | A genetics family tree; shows how traits move through family generations.
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| Genetic engineering | Technology that involves altering genes and DNA in organisms; how we obtain different dog breeds.
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| Gene Splicing | Removing a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism.
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| Recombinant DNA | formed by gene splicing
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| Cloning | creating an identical GENETIC copy of an organism.
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| Gel electrophoresis | Technique used to create a DNA fingerprint/banding pattern.
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| DNA fingerprint | An individuals unique sequence of DNA that's created by using gel electrophoresis.
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