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Bio 3.1 Vocab
chemistry, organic compounds, water, osmosis, cycles, photosynthesis/respiration
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hypothesis | a possible answer or outcome for a scientific problem |
| bias | showing an unfair preference or favoring one side; opinionated; swayed |
| independent variable | the variable that is purposely changed and tested |
| dependent variable | the variable being measured; the response to the I.V. |
| control group | group used for comparison in an experiment |
| constants | all factors that stay the same |
| trials | the number of times a test is repeated in an experiment |
| data | information gathered during an experiment; can be qualitative or quantitative |
| polarity | having an unequal distribution of charges (+ and -) |
| solvent | a substance that dissolves another |
| solute | substance being dissolved |
| hydrophobic | "water-fearing"; will not mix with water |
| hydrophillic | "water-loving"; mixes with water |
| surface tension | stronger attractive force of water molecules on the top surface of water |
| capillary action | the upward movement of water through narrow tubes |
| homeostasis | state of maintaining constant, stable conditions for survival |
| cell membrane | thin, flexible, semi-permeable barrier that surrounds all cells |
| selectively permeable | able to choose what enters and exits |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a membrane |
| concentration gradient | force that moves molecules with the natural flow from high to low concentration |
| isotonic | equal concentration; water enters and exits a cell at the same rate |
| hypotonic | lower water concentration inside a cell; water enters the cell and it swells |
| hypertonic | lower water concentation outside the cell; water exits the cell and it shrinks |
| passive transport | transport in/out of a cell with no energy required |
| compounds | a combination of two or more elements |
| reactants | what you begin a chemical reaction with |
| products | the end result of a chemical reaction |
| pH | measure of how acidic or basic a substance is |
| acid | substance with a pH below 7 |
| base | substance with a pH above 7 |
| organic | compound that contains carbon |
| inorganic | compound that does not contain carbon |
| carbohydrate | biological macromolecule that provides energy for living organisms; made up of monosaccarides |
| lipid | biological macromolecule that makes up cell membranes, acts as insulation, is a source of stored energy, etc.; made up of fatty acids |
| monosaccarides | building block of all carbohydrates; simple sugar |
| fatty acid | building block of all lipids |
| glucose | important carbohydrate used for energy; made during photosynthesis and broken down during cell respiration |
| cellulose | carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plant cells |
| starch | complex carbohydrate that is stored sugar in plants |
| glycogen | complex carbohydrate that is stored sugar in animals |
| phospholipid | lipid that makes up the cell membranes of all cells |
| cholesterol | lipid that helps with nervous system and brain functioning |
| protein | important macromolecule that helps control cell reactions and builds tissues in living organisms; made up of amino acids |
| nucleic acid | important macromolecule that carries genetic information and synthesizes proteins; made up of nucleotides |
| amino acid | building block of proteins |
| nucleotide | building block of nucleic acids; has 3 parts: sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base |
| polypeptide | a long chain of amino acids; the completed protein |
| enzyme | a type of protein that speeds up and controls chemical reaction rates in living organisms |
| catalyst | another term for enzyme |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; type of nucleic acid that holds genetic information; forms a double helix |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid that helps synthesize proteins |
| vitamin | organic compounds needed in small amounts for proper growth and health |
| mineral | inorganic compounds important to cell and body functioning |
| chloroplast | cell organelle where photosynthesis takes place; make glucose for plants |
| chlorophyll | pigment that captures sunlight for photosynthesis |
| photosynthesis | process in plants where light energy is used to change CO2 and H2O into food (glucose) |
| chemosynthesis | process in bacteria where inorganic chemicals are converted into food; no light needed |
| mitochondria | cell organelle where cellular respiration takes place; releases energy from glucose |
| ATP | chemical energy made during cellular respiration |
| cellular respiration | process in plants and animals where energy is released from glucose; requires oxygen |
| aerobic | process that needs oxygen |
| anaerobic | process that does not need oxygen |
| fermentation | anaerobic process in yeast and bacteria where energy is released from glucose without oxygen |
| Active Transport | transport in and out of cell that requires energy, going against the gradient. |
| Facilitated diffusion | diffusion "helped" by transport proteins. A type of passive transport. |
| Transport protein | proteins that help molecules across the cell membrane |
| endocytosis | cell surrounds and engulfs material too big to pass through cell membrane |
| exocytosis | cell expels material too big to pass through the cell membrane - pushes it out. |
| Peptide bond | "glue" that holds the amino acids together |
| Duration | how long the experiment lasts |
| Conclusion | summary of what happened during the experiment |
| Experiment | a test carried our to determine the validity of an hypothesis. |
| Data | the information collected during the experiment. Can be quantitative or qualitative. |
| Qualitative Data | data gotten by using your senses - see, hear, touch, taste, smell. |
| Quantitative Data | numerical data - numbers |
| Variable | any factor or condition that can be controlled or changed. |
| Solution | mixing of solute and solvent. |
| Energy | ATP; the ability to do work. |
| Endothermic | to take in, or absorb heat from the environment. |
| Exothermic | to release heat into the environment |
| Metabolism | rate at which your body burns energy. |
| Adhesion | water sticks to other things. |
| Cohesion | water sticks to other water molecules. |
| Element | substance that cannot be broken down any further. |
| Monomer | a building block, or puzzle piece |
| Polymer | the finished product, or completed puzzle |
| Vitamin A | for vision, immune system health, bone development,making red blood cells. found in fish and carrots. |
| Vitamin C | for growth and repair of body tissues. found in citrus fruit. |
| Vitamin K | important for proper blood clotting. In leafy green vegetables. |
| Vitamin D | health of teeth and bones. Added to milk. |
| Bacteria | a prokaryote; a one-celled organism with no nucleus and very few organelles |
| Bacteriophage | a virus that infects and replicates inside of a bacteria. |
| Toxin | a poison |
| Vaccine | an injection of a killed microbe/germ to build immunity against it. |
| Cell | the smallest, basic unit of life |
| Prokaryote | a simple cell without a nucleus and has very few organelles. |
| Eukaryote | Complex cell with a nucleus and many membrane bound organelles. |
| Cell Wall | provides structure and support for plant cells; made of cellulose. |
| Cell Membrane | cells barrier; controls what enters and exits the cell; made of phospholipids. |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell that contains DNA instructions; "brain" of the cell. |
| DNA (cell unit) | genetic material located in the nucleus of eukaryotes and found free floating in prokaryotes. |
| Ribosome | organelle that makes proteins |
| Vacuole | used for temporary storage of waste, water, food and other materials in cells; much bigger in plant cells. |
| Lysosomes | cells "clean-up crew"; break down old, damaged cell parts and contain enzymes for cellular digestion. ( Think; "Lysol") |
| mitochondria | site of cellular respiration, where energy is released from glucose using oxygen. cells "powerhouse." |
| Organelle | "Tiny organs." Parts of the cell that do specific jobs. |
| Cytoplasm | "jelly-like" substance the organelles float in. |
| Golgi Apparatus/bodies | sorts and packages material for transport around the cell. like the cells "post office." |
| Nucleolus | inside nucleus; makes ribosomes. |
| Vascular Tissue | Xylem and phloem; Used in plants to circulate water, sugar and other nutrients to all cells of the plant. |
| Hemoglobin | protein in blood that carries oxygen. |
| Cilia | short, hair-like projections used for cellular movement. "silly little hairs" |
| Flagella | long, whip-like projection used for cellular movement. |
| Pseudpodia | cytoplasmic projections used for movement. like a "false foot." |
| Homeostasis | state of maintaining constant, stable, balanced conditions for survival. Also referred to as dynamic equilibrium. |
| Circulatory System (blood) | transports water, oxygen and nutrients to cell, and takes waste away from cells |
| Respiratory System | exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and the blood. |
| Endocrine System | produces chemicals and hormones for use in chemical reactions. |
| Excretory System | filters and releases metabolic (liquid) waste from the body via the kidneys; keeps salt and water balance. |
| Nervous System | sends electrical signals throughout the body for function and communication. |
| Skeletal System | bones; for structure, support and protection |
| Muscular System | for movement; both voluntary and involuntary muscles. |
| Asexual Reproduction | Reproduction where no egg and sperm are involved; offspring are produced from one parent cell and are identical to parent. |
| Sexual Reproduction | reproduction where egg and sperm are united to form offspring. Offspring are unique. |
| Budding | Asexual reproduction where offspring grow on parent cell; Yeast. |
| Binary Fission | asexual reproduction in bacteria where the cell splits into two. |
| Vegetative Reproduction | asexual reproduction in plants where the offspring are produced without seeds or spores. |
| Malignant Tumor | Harmful, cancerous growth of cells |
| Gamete | a sex cell; egg and sperm |
| Codon | A set of 3 bases that code for an amino acid; A-U-G = 1 codon |
| Dominant Trait | The trait that shows - shown by the capital letter and always hides the recessive; Tt |
| Recessive trait | Trait hidden by the dominant - only shows when 2 recessive genes combine; tt |
| Sex-linked trait | Trait that is attached to the "X" chromosome; also called "X" linked trait. |
| Incomplete Dominance | 2 traits combine to make an in-between trait - red flower + white flower = pink flower offspring. |
| Co- dominance | 2 traits shown equally in offspring; black chicken + white chicken = checkered (black and white) chicken. |
| Pedigree | A genetics family tree; shows how traits move through family generations. |
| Genetic engineering | Technology that involves altering genes and DNA in organisms; how we obtain different dog breeds. |
| Gene Splicing | Removing a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism. |
| Recombinant DNA | formed by gene splicing |
| Cloning | creating an identical GENETIC copy of an organism. |
| Gel electrophoresis | Technique used to create a DNA fingerprint/banding pattern. |
| DNA fingerprint | An individuals unique sequence of DNA that's created by using gel electrophoresis. |
Created by:
jsills
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