vocab 4 DNA history,structure,replication,transcription,translation,protsynth
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| adenine | one of four nitrogen bases - always 'matches' with thymine OR uracil
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| amino acid | building blocks of protein - contain nitrogen
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| base-pairing rules | Erwin Chargaff developed these due to his observations of nitrogen base concentrations in DNA samples
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| complementary | means that two things 'go together' (as opposed to saying nice things about someone…)
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| cytosine | one of four nitrogen bases - always 'matches' with guanine
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| deletion | genetic mutation that occurs during replication when nitrogen bases present in the original strand are 'left out' of the copied sequence
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| deoxyribose | sugar used as the 'backbone' of a DNA nucleotide
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| DNA | stands for deoxyribonucleic acid…
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| DNA polymerase | the enzyme that matches complementary nucleotides to each side of DNA during replication
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| DNA replication | process of 'copying' both sides of the DNA molecule so that two new, identical DNA molecules are formed
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| DNA triplets / codes | series/sequence of three nitrogen base 'letters' found in DNA
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| double helix | shape of the DNA molecule in the nucleus (spiral staircase, twisted ladder)
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| Erwin Chargaff | developed the base-pairing rules from his observations of nitrogen base concentrations in DNA samples
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| exons | trimmed sections of mRNA that are put together into a blueprint for making protein and EXit the nucleus to be sent to the ribosomes
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| genes | portion of the DNA/chromosome that 'codes' for a specific trait or protein
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| guanine | one of four nitrogen bases - always 'matches' with cytosine
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| helicase | enzyme that is responsible for unwinding and splitting the double helix of DNA during replication
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| hydrogen bonds | how the nitrogen bases pair up and keep the two sides of the DNA molecule together - broken during replication and transcription
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| insertion | genetic mutation that occurs during replication when additional nitrogen bases are added to the copied sequence
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| introns | sections of mRNA that are 'trimmed out' of the message and are kept IN the nucleus to be recycled
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| messenger RNA | type of nucleic acid that is responsible for carrying the copy of instructions for making protein out to the ribosomes
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| mRNA codons | series/sequence of three nitrogen base 'letters' found in messenger RNA
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| mutation | genetic anomoly that occurs to 'change' the sequence of nitrogen bases in copied DNA
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| nuclear pores | intentional openings in the nuclear envelope (membrane) that allow for passage of mRNA
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| nucleotide | subunit of DNA or RNA - composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four possible nitrogen bases
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| nucleus | part of the cell that contains genetic material - the 'brain' of the cell
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| peptide bond | specific type of covalent bond that attaches amino acids together in order to produce a functional protein
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| phosphate | part of the DNA or RNA strand that connects sugars along the side(s) of those molecules
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| promoter | portion of the DNA sequence that 'tells' RNA polymerase where to start copying the instructions for mRNA
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| protein | molecule that results from putting chains of amino acids together with peptide bonds
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| purine | type of nitrogen base that consists of a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms - includes adenine and guanine
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| pyrimidine | type of nitrogen base that consists of a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms - includes thymine, cytosine, and uracil
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| replication fork | the 'split-apart' area of the DNA molecule during the process of replication - occurs due to the action of helicase
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| ribosomal RNA | type of nucleic acid of which the ribosomes are parly composed (the other part is protein)
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| ribosome | organelle in the cell that is responsible for protein synthesis - the protein 'assembly line' of the cell
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| RNA polymerase | enzyme responsible for unwinding and splitting DNA, then adding complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription
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| substitution | genetic mutation that occurs during replication when an alternate sequence of nitrogen bases replace the correct sequence
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| terminator | portion of the DNA sequence that 'tells' RNA polymerase where to stop copying the instructions for mRNA
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| thymine | one of four nitrogen bases - always 'matches' with adenine
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| transcription | process of 'copying' one side of the DNA molecule into RNA so that it can pass through the nuclear pores
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| transfer RNA | type of nucleic acid that is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome for translation
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| translation | process of reading mRNA's message to put amino acids together into protein - carried out by the ribosomes
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| tRNA anticodons | series/sequence of three nitrogen base 'letters' found in transfer RNA
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| uracil | one of the nitrogen bases - substitutes for thymine in RNA and always 'matches' with adenine
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| vaccine | substance made of weakened or killed microorganisms and injected into the body to produce immunity
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| Watson & Crick | first developed a 3-D model of the DNA molecule using information from other researchers
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| Wilkins & Franklin | identified the shape of the DNA molecule as a 'double helix' using X-ray crystallography photographs
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| double helix | the shape of the DNA molecule; similar to a spiral staircase or twisted ladder
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| exons | sections of the mRNA strand that exits the nucleus to be read by ribosomes
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| gene | section of a DNA molecule that codes for a specific protein or trait
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| gene expression | the entire process of using DNA and RNA to make proteins
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| Griffith & Avery | worked with viruses and bacteria to prove that DNA is genetic material
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| helicase | enzyme that unwinds DNA for replication (during Interphase)
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| Hershey & Chase | identified transforming factor as DNA, suggesting it was a genetic change
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| hydrogen bonds | how nitrogen bases are held together at the center of the DNA helix
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| introns | sections of copied mRNA that stay in the nucleus and are recycled
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| messenger RNA | working copy of DNA's instructions that is used at the ribosome
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| nucleic acid | can either be DNA or RNA, depending on its composition
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| promoter | portion of the DNA molecule that signals where to start transcription
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| ribose | one of the differences between nucleic acids - this sugar is found in RNA
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| ribosomal RNA | plays a structural role in the organelles responsible for protein synthesis
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| RNA polymerase | enzyme that initiates transcription and adds RNA nucleotides
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| terminator | sequence of DNA nucleotides that indicates the end of a gene
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| transcription | information in the DNA sequence is 'copied' to mRNA
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| transfer RNA | interprets the mRNA sequences by carrying in the correct amino acids
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| translation | process of reading mRNA sequences to put amino acids together into protein
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| triplets / codes | series of three nitrogen bases (letters) on the 'sense' strand of DNA
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| uracil | another pyrimidine that substitutes for thymine in RNA molecules
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| Watson & Crick | used others' research on base-pairing and shape to develop 3-D model of DNA
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| Wilkins & Franklin | developed pictures of DNA's shape based on X-ray diffraction images
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