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Oriole-DNA/RNA/Prot
vocab 4 DNA history,structure,replication,transcription,translation,protsynth
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adenine | one of four nitrogen bases - always 'matches' with thymine OR uracil |
| amino acid | building blocks of protein - contain nitrogen |
| base-pairing rules | Erwin Chargaff developed these due to his observations of nitrogen base concentrations in DNA samples |
| complementary | means that two things 'go together' (as opposed to saying nice things about someone…) |
| cytosine | one of four nitrogen bases - always 'matches' with guanine |
| deletion | genetic mutation that occurs during replication when nitrogen bases present in the original strand are 'left out' of the copied sequence |
| deoxyribose | sugar used as the 'backbone' of a DNA nucleotide |
| DNA | stands for deoxyribonucleic acid… |
| DNA polymerase | the enzyme that matches complementary nucleotides to each side of DNA during replication |
| DNA replication | process of 'copying' both sides of the DNA molecule so that two new, identical DNA molecules are formed |
| DNA triplets / codes | series/sequence of three nitrogen base 'letters' found in DNA |
| double helix | shape of the DNA molecule in the nucleus (spiral staircase, twisted ladder) |
| Erwin Chargaff | developed the base-pairing rules from his observations of nitrogen base concentrations in DNA samples |
| exons | trimmed sections of mRNA that are put together into a blueprint for making protein and EXit the nucleus to be sent to the ribosomes |
| genes | portion of the DNA/chromosome that 'codes' for a specific trait or protein |
| guanine | one of four nitrogen bases - always 'matches' with cytosine |
| helicase | enzyme that is responsible for unwinding and splitting the double helix of DNA during replication |
| hydrogen bonds | how the nitrogen bases pair up and keep the two sides of the DNA molecule together - broken during replication and transcription |
| insertion | genetic mutation that occurs during replication when additional nitrogen bases are added to the copied sequence |
| introns | sections of mRNA that are 'trimmed out' of the message and are kept IN the nucleus to be recycled |
| messenger RNA | type of nucleic acid that is responsible for carrying the copy of instructions for making protein out to the ribosomes |
| mRNA codons | series/sequence of three nitrogen base 'letters' found in messenger RNA |
| mutation | genetic anomoly that occurs to 'change' the sequence of nitrogen bases in copied DNA |
| nuclear pores | intentional openings in the nuclear envelope (membrane) that allow for passage of mRNA |
| nucleotide | subunit of DNA or RNA - composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four possible nitrogen bases |
| nucleus | part of the cell that contains genetic material - the 'brain' of the cell |
| peptide bond | specific type of covalent bond that attaches amino acids together in order to produce a functional protein |
| phosphate | part of the DNA or RNA strand that connects sugars along the side(s) of those molecules |
| promoter | portion of the DNA sequence that 'tells' RNA polymerase where to start copying the instructions for mRNA |
| protein | molecule that results from putting chains of amino acids together with peptide bonds |
| purine | type of nitrogen base that consists of a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms - includes adenine and guanine |
| pyrimidine | type of nitrogen base that consists of a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms - includes thymine, cytosine, and uracil |
| replication fork | the 'split-apart' area of the DNA molecule during the process of replication - occurs due to the action of helicase |
| ribosomal RNA | type of nucleic acid of which the ribosomes are parly composed (the other part is protein) |
| ribosome | organelle in the cell that is responsible for protein synthesis - the protein 'assembly line' of the cell |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme responsible for unwinding and splitting DNA, then adding complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription |
| substitution | genetic mutation that occurs during replication when an alternate sequence of nitrogen bases replace the correct sequence |
| terminator | portion of the DNA sequence that 'tells' RNA polymerase where to stop copying the instructions for mRNA |
| thymine | one of four nitrogen bases - always 'matches' with adenine |
| transcription | process of 'copying' one side of the DNA molecule into RNA so that it can pass through the nuclear pores |
| transfer RNA | type of nucleic acid that is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome for translation |
| translation | process of reading mRNA's message to put amino acids together into protein - carried out by the ribosomes |
| tRNA anticodons | series/sequence of three nitrogen base 'letters' found in transfer RNA |
| uracil | one of the nitrogen bases - substitutes for thymine in RNA and always 'matches' with adenine |
| vaccine | substance made of weakened or killed microorganisms and injected into the body to produce immunity |
| Watson & Crick | first developed a 3-D model of the DNA molecule using information from other researchers |
| Wilkins & Franklin | identified the shape of the DNA molecule as a 'double helix' using X-ray crystallography photographs |
| double helix | the shape of the DNA molecule; similar to a spiral staircase or twisted ladder |
| exons | sections of the mRNA strand that exits the nucleus to be read by ribosomes |
| gene | section of a DNA molecule that codes for a specific protein or trait |
| gene expression | the entire process of using DNA and RNA to make proteins |
| Griffith & Avery | worked with viruses and bacteria to prove that DNA is genetic material |
| helicase | enzyme that unwinds DNA for replication (during Interphase) |
| Hershey & Chase | identified transforming factor as DNA, suggesting it was a genetic change |
| hydrogen bonds | how nitrogen bases are held together at the center of the DNA helix |
| introns | sections of copied mRNA that stay in the nucleus and are recycled |
| messenger RNA | working copy of DNA's instructions that is used at the ribosome |
| nucleic acid | can either be DNA or RNA, depending on its composition |
| promoter | portion of the DNA molecule that signals where to start transcription |
| ribose | one of the differences between nucleic acids - this sugar is found in RNA |
| ribosomal RNA | plays a structural role in the organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that initiates transcription and adds RNA nucleotides |
| terminator | sequence of DNA nucleotides that indicates the end of a gene |
| transcription | information in the DNA sequence is 'copied' to mRNA |
| transfer RNA | interprets the mRNA sequences by carrying in the correct amino acids |
| translation | process of reading mRNA sequences to put amino acids together into protein |
| triplets / codes | series of three nitrogen bases (letters) on the 'sense' strand of DNA |
| uracil | another pyrimidine that substitutes for thymine in RNA molecules |
| Watson & Crick | used others' research on base-pairing and shape to develop 3-D model of DNA |
| Wilkins & Franklin | developed pictures of DNA's shape based on X-ray diffraction images |
Created by:
nstevens
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