cancer mtc 165
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| Cancer is | diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues
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| malignancy | progressive, resistant to treatment and tending to cause death, synonymous with cancer
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| Most cancers occur in who? | people older than 65 years old
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| What is the cancer that has the highest prevalence among men and women | lung and colon
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| what cancer is highest in males? | lung, colon and rectal
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| What cancer is highest in females? | lung, breast and rectal
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| hypertrophy | growth caused by a increase in the size of cells
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| hyperplasia | growth caused by increasing the number of cells
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| dysplasia | abnormal change in size, shape or organization of adult cells precanerous
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| neoplasia | any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead and damaged tissues
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| How does malignant cells grow? | invasion, infiltrates surrounding tissues
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| pleomorphism is | cells very in size and shape
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| polymorphism is | enlarged nucleus
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| G1 phase is | RNA and protein synthesis occur
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| S phase is | DNA synthesis occurs
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| G2 phase is | DNA synthesis is complete, mitotic spindle forms
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| Mitosis | cell division occurs
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| Seven Warning signs | Change in bowel/bladder habits; a sore/wound that does not heal; unusual bleeding or discharge; thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere; indigestion or difficulty in swallowing; obvious change in wart or male; nagging cough/hoarseness
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| PSA (prostatic specific antigen) | used to detect prostate cancer
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| CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen) | used to T2detect colon & breast cancer
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| AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) | detect stomach, colon & lung, and liver cancer
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| TNM classification system is | tumor, node and metastasis
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| Tx is | primary tumor cannot be assessed
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| T0 is | no evidence of primary tumor
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| Tis | carcinoma in situ -in its place
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| T1, T2, T3, T4 | progressive increase in tumor size & involvement
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| Nx is | regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed clinically
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| N0 | Lymph nodes normal
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| N1, N2, N3 | abnormal lymph nodes, increasing involvement
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| Mx | presence cannont be not assessed
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| M0 is | no distant metastasis
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| M1 | distant metastasis present
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| G1 is | Tumor cells are well differentiated & closely resemble the normal cells from which they arose
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| G2 | Tumor cells are moderately differentiated, normal plus malignant cells
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| G3 is | Tumor cells poorly differentiated, have few normal characteristics
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| G4 is | Tumor cells poorly differentiated, have few normal characteristics
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| Diagnostic of cancer | Biopsy: tissue sample for analysis
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| Curative of cancer | Debulking”
Local Excision sm mass
Radical Excision primary tumor
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| prophylactic of cancer | Remove nonvital tissues or organs most likely to develop cancer
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| palliative of cancer | Relieve complications of cancer
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| What are the external radiation delivery types | teletherapy
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| Brachytherapy | Implant delivers high dose of radiation to a localized area. It is a continues type. They are radioactive for a time.
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| intracavitary | Radioisotopes remain in place for a prescribed period of time and then removed
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| Benign cells | Well differentiated cells, resemble parent cells
Grow by expansion with invading surrounding tissues
Rate of growth is progressive and slow
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| Malignant Cells | Cells are undifferentiated, anaplasia, atypical structure
Grows by invasion, infiltrates surrounding tissues
Rate of growth is variable, usually rapid
Gains access to the blood and lymph channels to metastasize to other areas of the body
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| angiogenesis | process by which a new blood supply is formed
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| Smoking is related to what cancers? | lung, head and neck, esophagus, pancreas, cervix and bladder
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