test review
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| what is pathology | the study of disease
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| what are signs & symptoms | the way a diseasae is diagnosed
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| what are signs of a disease | objective abnormalities
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| what are symptoms of a disease | what the person tells you(subjective)
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| what is syndrome | different signs & symptoms, with a common cause
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| what is a disease | characteristic set of signs and symptoms
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| What is acute disease | one felt over a short period
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| what is chronic disease | one over 6 months
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| what is subacute disease | one between acute and chronic
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| what is etiology | study of the cause/origin of a disease
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| what is idiopathic | diseases with undetermined causes
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| what are communicable/infecctious diseases | can be transferred from i to another
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| what are pathogens | pattern of a disease's development
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| what is incubation | the latent stage in infectious disease
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| what is convalescence | recovery
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| what is remission | temporary reversal of symptoms in a chronic disease
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| what is epidemiology | the study of the occurence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in humans
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| what is endemic | the disease is within a local region
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| what is epidemic | the disease is within a region
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| what is pandemic | the disease is worldwide
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| why is tracking the etiology and pathogens of a disease difficult | differnt factors like nutrition,age,gender, sanitation practices, socioeconomic conditions
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| how can one explain the pathogenesis of a disease | casual or coincidental relationships
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| What are the 2 strategies of fighting a disease | therapy(treatment) and prevention(vaccination)
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| what is therapy | treatment
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| what is pathophysiology | study of the underlying physiological processes associated with the disease
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| what is meant by the basic mechanisms of a disease | the disturbance of homeostatis and the body's responses to that disturbance
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| what are the 7 basic mechanisms of a disease | a-genetic, b-infectious,c-neoplastic, d-traumatic, e- metabolic, f-inflammatory, g- deganaration
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| what is genetic mechanism | altered/mutated genes can cause production of abnormal proteins
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| what is infectious mechanism | disease-causing organisms that damage the body, eg parasite
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| what is neoplastic mechanism | abnormal tissue growths(neoplasm-tumors) and cancers
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| what is traumatic mechanism | physical(fractures,laceration)and chemical agents like toxic or destructive chemicals, extreme heat or cold, mechanical injury(trauma), radiation
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| what is metabolic mechanism | endocrine imbalances of malnutrition that cause insufficient or imbalanced nutrient intake
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| what is inflammatory mechanism | a-autoimmunity(self)faulty response or overreaction of the immune system that attack the body b.inflammation-normal mechanism that usually speeds recovery from an infection/injury, but when the response occurs at inappropitae times or is prolonged or sev
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| what is degeneration | breaking apart of tissues by unknown means
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| what are risk factors | predisposing conditions
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| what are the 6 categories of risk factor | 1.genetic,2.age,3.lifestyle4.stress,5.environmental factors,6.preexisting conditions
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| what are microbes | tiny organisms that cannot be seen by the unaided eye.
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| what are the main microbes | viruses,prions,bacteria,fungi,protozoa
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| what are viruses | intracellular parasites that consist of a DNA & RNA core surrounded by a coat and oftena lipoprotein envelop. they are nonliving but have a genetic code and multiply
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| what are prions | pathgenic protein moleculesthat convert normal proteins of the body into abnormal proteins
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| what are bacteria | tiny, primitive cell without a nucleus
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| how are bacteria classified | 1.growth requirements(aerobic&nonaerobic)2.staining properties(gram-positive are stained purple or violet while gram-negative are red)3.shape & size(less than um0.5 to more than 5um.um =micrometers or microns, one millionth of a meter.
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| what are examples of pathogenic bacteria | 1.bacilli 2. cocci3. curved or spiral rod 4. small bacterium
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| what are bacilli | large rod-shaped found singly or in groups
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| what do bacilli cause | anthrax,gastroenteritis,botulism,tetanus,salmonella,swimmer's ear,endocarditic,pulmonary infections
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| what are cocci | large,round bacteria found singly, in pairs(diplococci),in strings(streptococci), or in clusters(straphylococci
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| what do cocci cause | staphylococci infections,food poisoning,UTI,toxic shock syndrome,throat binfection,pneumonia,sinusitis,otitis media,rheumatic fever,dental caries,meningitis,gonorrhea,pelvic inflammatory disease
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| what are curved or spiral rods | curved rods arranged arranged singly or in strands, or large curved or spiral cells arranged singly or in cell colonies
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| what do curved or spiral rods cause | cholera,gastroentetitis,wound infection,diarrhea,syphilis,lyme disease
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| what are small bacteria | round or oval and can reproduce only inside other living cells, thus called obligate intracellular parasites
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| what are the 2 types of bacteria | rickettsia & chlamydia
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| what do small bacteria cause | rocky mountain spotted fever,and Q fever,genital infection,conjunctivitis,pelvic inflammatory disease,lymphogranuloma venereum,parrot fever
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| what are spores | resistant dormant forms that some bacteria can develop
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| what are archaea | a microbe similar to bacteria, but can thrive in extremely hot, acid, or salty environments
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| what are fungi | group of simple organisms similar to plants but no chlrophyll, so cannot produce food.
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| where do fungi normally live | on or near the skin or mucous membrane,as in athlete's foot,and vaginal yeast infections
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| what are yeasts | smaLL SINGLE-CELLED FUNGI
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| what are molds | large multicellular fungi
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| why are fungal or myotic infections a serious health problem | they resist treatment
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| what do candida organisms cause | thrush and mucous membrane infections(including vaginal yeast infections)
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| what do epidermophyton and microsporum cause | ringworm,jock itch,athlete's foot
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| what do hisplasma cause | hispolasmosis
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| what do aspergillus cause | aspergillosis and pneumonia
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| what do coccidioides cause | coccidioidomycosis(san Joaquin fever)
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| what are protozoa | protists one-celled organisms that are larger than bacteria and whose DNA is organized in a nucleus.
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| what are the pathogenic protozoa | 1.amoebas,2.flagellates,3.ciliates,4.sporozoa
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| what are amoebas | large cells of changing shape. they extend their membranes to form (pseudopodia)false feet that pull themselves along
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| what do amoebas cause | diarrhea,amebic dysentry,and liver and lung infections
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| what are flagellates | similar to amoeba but move by wiggling long,whiplike extensions called flagella
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| what do flagellates cause | giardiasis,diarrhea,and malabsorption syndrome
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| what are ciliates | protozoa that move by means of many short,hairlike projections called cilia
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| what do ciliates cause | gastrointestinal disturbances, including pain, nausea, and anorexia
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| what are sporozoa(coccidia) | protozoa with unusal organelles at their tips that allow them to enter host cells.
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| what are metazoa | pathogenic animals
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| what are the pathogenic animals | 1.nematodes,2.platyhelminths,3.anthropods
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| what are nematodes | large parasites also called roundworms, often transmitted by food or flies that bite
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| what do nematodes cause | intestinal roundworm,GI obstruction,bronchial damage, pinworm infestation, lower GI tract, itching around the anus,insomnia,trichinosis,fever,muscle pain
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| what are platyhelminths | large parasites aka flatworms and flukes
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| what do platyhelminths cause | schistosomiasis(snail fever),liver fluke infestation,pork and beef tapeworm infestation
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| what are anthropods | group of parasites that include mites,ticks,lice,fleas,wasps,bees,mosquitoes,spiders. they can cause injury or infestation and can also carry other pathogenic organisms
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| what do anthropods cause | infestation by mites and ticks;toxic bites by spiders, scorpions;and transmission of other pathogens,infestation by fleas and lice;toxic bites by wasps,mosquitoes,and bees;
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| what is a vector | an organism that spreads disease to other organisms
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| what are the modes of transmission | person-to-person,environmental,opportunistic invasion,by a vector
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| what are the common aseptic methods that prevent the spread of pathogen | sterilization,disinfection,antisepsis,isolation
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| what prevention strategy has worked with some bacterial and viral pathogens | vaccination
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| when an infection has begun,what common approach is used to destroy the pathogens | antibiotics
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| what are neoplasms | abnormal growth of cells, or tumors
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| what are the 2 classification of tumors | benign and malignant
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| what is benign tumor | they remain localized within the tissue from which they arose;they are usually encapsulated and grow slowly
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| what are malignant tumors | these are cancer and are not encapsulated and do not stay in one place.
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| what is metastasis | the migration of cells by way of the lymphatic or blood vessels
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| what benign tumors arise from epithelial tissues | 1.papilloma,2.adenoma,3nevus,
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| what benign tumors arise from connective tissues | 1.lipoma,2.osteoma,3.chondroma
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| what malignant tumors arise from epithelial tissues(carcinomas) | 1.melanoma,2.adenocarcinoma
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| what malignant tumors arise from connective tissues(sarcomas) | 1.lymphoma,2.osteosarcoma,3.myeloma,4.fibrosarcoma
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| what is hyperplasia | produce too many cells
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| what is anaplasia | growth nof abnormal cells
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| what are oncogenes | cancer genes
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| what causes cancer | 1.genetic factors,2.carcinogens(cancer makers),3.age,4.environment,5.viruses
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| what are oncologists | cancer specialists
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| what methods are used to detect presence of cancer | 1.self-examination,2.diagnostic imaging like radiography, Computed tomography(CT)scanning,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),biopsy(removal and examination of living things,blod test
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| what is staging | classifying a tumor based on size and the extent of its spread
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| what is grading | an assessment of what the tumor is likely to do based on the degree of cell abnormality
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| what is cachexia | a syndrome involving loss of appetite, severe weight loss,and general weakness
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| when tissue cells are damaged, what inflammation mediators do they release | histamine,prostaglandins,kinins
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| what is inflammatory exudate | the fluid that accumulates in inflamed tissue
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| what are the principal organs of the integumentary system | skin(includes hair,nails,glands)
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| what are the principal organs of the endocrine | the glands,pancreatic islets,ovaries,testes
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| what is the main function of the integumentary system | protection
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| what are ligaments | bands of fibrous connective tissue that help hold bones together
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| what are joints | connections between 2 or more bones
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| what is a cartilage | connection between one bone and another
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| what is the main function of the skeleton | protection and support for the brain and other internal organs; also storage for important minerals like calcium and phosphorus
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| what are functions of the muscular system | movement, maintain our posture, provide heat to maintain our body temperature
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| what is the muscle organ that attaches the muscle to a bone | tendon
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| what is the nervous system comprised of | brain,spinal cord,nerves
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| what are the main functions of the nervous system | communication,integration of body functions,control of body functions,recognition of sensory stimuli
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| what system secretes hormones directly into he blood | endocrine
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| where are the pituitary gland,pineal gland and hypothalamus located | skull
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| where can the thyroid and parathyroid glands located | neck
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| where can the thymus gland found | thoracic cavity
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| what is the main function of the circulatory system | transportation
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| what is integument | it refers to the skin
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| what organs form the cardiovascular system | heart,arteries,veins,capillaries
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| what are the organs of the skeletal system | bones, ligaments
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| what are the lymphatic vessels filled with | watery fluid containing lymphocytes,proteins,fatty molecules
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| what system moves fluids and small particles back to the blood | lymphatic
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| what are the major organs of the respiratory system | nose,pharynx,larynx,bronchi,lungs
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| what system is involved in regulating the acid-base balance of the body | respiratory
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| what are the primary organs of digestion | mouth,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,small intestine,rectum, anal canal
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| what are the accesory digestive organs | teeth,salivary glands,tongue,liver,gallbladder,pancreas,appendix
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| what is the name of the tube of the digestive system that is open at both ends | alimentary canal or GI tract
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| what are the organs of the urinary system | kidneys,ureters,bladder,urethra
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| what is the name of the essentialorgans of production in both male and female | gonads
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| what is the external genitalia comprised of in males | penis and scrotum
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| what is the external genitalia in females | vulva
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| what organ in males is shared by both the urinary and reproductive systems | urethra
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| what are the 3 main parts of a cell | plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus
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| what is the membrane enclosing the cytoplasm | plasma membrane
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| what is the name of the 2 layers of phosphate-containing fat molecules called | phospholipids
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| what is another fat molecule that is a component of the plasma membrane | cholesterol
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| what is the internal living material of cells called | cytoplasm
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| what is the main function of the nucleus | controls every organelle in the cytoplasm;it also controls the complex process of cell reproduction
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| what surrounds the nucleus | nuclear envelope
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| what tiny openings in the nuclear envelope permit large molecules to move into and out of the nucleus | nuclear pores
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| what is the name of cell material within the nucleus enclosed by the nuclear envelope | nucleoplasm
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| what are the 2 most important specialized structures in the nucleoplasm | nucleolus and chromatin
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| what are the threadlike structures made of proteins and hereditary molecules in the nucleus called | DNA
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| what is the name of the DNA molecule that has coiled to form a compact mass during mitosis | chromosomes
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| what is mitosis | indirect cell division involving complex changes in the nucleus
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| what is the movement of particles through a membrane from high concentration to low concentration | diffusion
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| what is RibonucleicAcid(RNA) | nucleic acid found in the cytoplasm that is crucial in protein synthesis
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| what are the bases that each DNA molecule is made of | adenine,thymine,guanine,cystosine
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| What is a gene | a specific segment of base pairs in a chromosome
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| what is the store of information in each gene called | genetic code
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| what is the main function of the coded information in the genes | it controls protein and enzyme production
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| what do enzymes do | facilitate cellular chemical reactions,and these determine cell structure and function, thus heredity
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| both RNA and DNA are composed of four bases,a sugar and phosphate.is this true or false | true
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| what is the name of the process of transferring genetic information from the nucleus into the cytoplasm | transcription(copy) and translation
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| During what method does the double stranded DNA molecule separate to form mRNA | transcription
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| what is the synthesis of a protein by ribosomes in which the information in an mRNA is used to direct the choice of building amono acids | translation
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| what is the name of a series of 3 mucleotide bases that act as a code representing a specific amino acid | codon
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| what is total of all te DNA in each cell of the body called | genome
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| what is the term referring to excessive,uncontrollable bleding | hemophilia
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| at what stage is the cell not dividing but going about its usual functions | interphase
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| what is the first stage of mitosis | prophase
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| during prophase, the chromosomes in the nucleus form 2 strands called what | chromatids
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| the beadlike structure that holds the chromatids together is called what | centromere
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| what is the protein factory called | ribosomes
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| what is the digestive system in the cell called | lysosomes
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| what helps in cell production | centrioles
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| what is the powr plant | mitochondria
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| what is the packaging and processing center | golgi apparatus
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| what is the term given to increase in size of individual cells | hypertrophy
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| what is the condition where cells fail to mature normally | anaplasia
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| what is neoplasm | tumor
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| what are the 4 main tissues of the body's main organs | epithelial,connective,muscle,nervous
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| what is the function of the areolar | connection
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| what is the function of the adipose(fat) | protection
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| what is the function of the hematopoietic | blood cell formation
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| what tissue covers the body and many of its parts | epithelial
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| what is meant by striated | marked by parallel or structural lines
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| the skeletal and cardiac muscles are both striated and voluntary. true or false | false. both are striated but the skeletal is voluntary and the cardiac is involuntary
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| what is the term given to the amount and kinds of intercellular material found between the cells in the connective tissue | matrix
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| what are the major types of connective tissue in the body | areolar, adipose,fibrous,bone,cartilage,blood,hematopoeitic
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| among the connective tissue, which 1 is the most widely distributed | areolar
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| what tissue in the connective stores lipids | adipose
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| what are chondrocytes | cartilage cells
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| what are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue | skeletal,cardiac, smooth
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| what are the 2 kinds of cells in the nervous system | neurons,neuroglia
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| through what process is the nerve impulse transmitted away from the cell body | axon
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| what is the process through which impulses are carried toward the cell body | dendrites
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| anything that occupies space is called what | matter
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| what is the smallest unit of matter | atom
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| what is an atom compoed of | protons(+),neutrons(-),electrons
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| the atomic mass is the number of what | protons
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| electrons move about within certain limits called orbitals.true or false arranged | true
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| orbitals are arranged into what | energy levels(shells)
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| atoms unite to form larger chemicals called what | molecules
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| substances whose molecules have more than one element are called what | compound
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| why do chemical bonds form | to make an atom more stable
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| 2 atoms of the same atomic number and element are called what | isotypes
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| what is an ion | electronically atom or group of atoms
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| what is an ionic bond | chemical bond formed by the positive-negative attraction between 2 ions
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| when 2 atoms share the same bond, it is called what | covalent bond
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| covalent bonds break easily in water.true or false | false
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| acids produce an excess of h+ ions, and thus a base. true or false | true
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| chemicals that maintain the body's pH are called what | buffers
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| what category of organic chemical is made up of monosaccharites | carbohydrates
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| what category of organic chemical is made up of fatty acids | lipid
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|
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