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chapters1 -5 A&P
test review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what is pathology | the study of disease |
| what are signs & symptoms | the way a diseasae is diagnosed |
| what are signs of a disease | objective abnormalities |
| what are symptoms of a disease | what the person tells you(subjective) |
| what is syndrome | different signs & symptoms, with a common cause |
| what is a disease | characteristic set of signs and symptoms |
| What is acute disease | one felt over a short period |
| what is chronic disease | one over 6 months |
| what is subacute disease | one between acute and chronic |
| what is etiology | study of the cause/origin of a disease |
| what is idiopathic | diseases with undetermined causes |
| what are communicable/infecctious diseases | can be transferred from i to another |
| what are pathogens | pattern of a disease's development |
| what is incubation | the latent stage in infectious disease |
| what is convalescence | recovery |
| what is remission | temporary reversal of symptoms in a chronic disease |
| what is epidemiology | the study of the occurence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in humans |
| what is endemic | the disease is within a local region |
| what is epidemic | the disease is within a region |
| what is pandemic | the disease is worldwide |
| why is tracking the etiology and pathogens of a disease difficult | differnt factors like nutrition,age,gender, sanitation practices, socioeconomic conditions |
| how can one explain the pathogenesis of a disease | casual or coincidental relationships |
| What are the 2 strategies of fighting a disease | therapy(treatment) and prevention(vaccination) |
| what is therapy | treatment |
| what is pathophysiology | study of the underlying physiological processes associated with the disease |
| what is meant by the basic mechanisms of a disease | the disturbance of homeostatis and the body's responses to that disturbance |
| what are the 7 basic mechanisms of a disease | a-genetic, b-infectious,c-neoplastic, d-traumatic, e- metabolic, f-inflammatory, g- deganaration |
| what is genetic mechanism | altered/mutated genes can cause production of abnormal proteins |
| what is infectious mechanism | disease-causing organisms that damage the body, eg parasite |
| what is neoplastic mechanism | abnormal tissue growths(neoplasm-tumors) and cancers |
| what is traumatic mechanism | physical(fractures,laceration)and chemical agents like toxic or destructive chemicals, extreme heat or cold, mechanical injury(trauma), radiation |
| what is metabolic mechanism | endocrine imbalances of malnutrition that cause insufficient or imbalanced nutrient intake |
| what is inflammatory mechanism | a-autoimmunity(self)faulty response or overreaction of the immune system that attack the body b.inflammation-normal mechanism that usually speeds recovery from an infection/injury, but when the response occurs at inappropitae times or is prolonged or sev |
| what is degeneration | breaking apart of tissues by unknown means |
| what are risk factors | predisposing conditions |
| what are the 6 categories of risk factor | 1.genetic,2.age,3.lifestyle4.stress,5.environmental factors,6.preexisting conditions |
| what are microbes | tiny organisms that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. |
| what are the main microbes | viruses,prions,bacteria,fungi,protozoa |
| what are viruses | intracellular parasites that consist of a DNA & RNA core surrounded by a coat and oftena lipoprotein envelop. they are nonliving but have a genetic code and multiply |
| what are prions | pathgenic protein moleculesthat convert normal proteins of the body into abnormal proteins |
| what are bacteria | tiny, primitive cell without a nucleus |
| how are bacteria classified | 1.growth requirements(aerobic&nonaerobic)2.staining properties(gram-positive are stained purple or violet while gram-negative are red)3.shape & size(less than um0.5 to more than 5um.um =micrometers or microns, one millionth of a meter. |
| what are examples of pathogenic bacteria | 1.bacilli 2. cocci3. curved or spiral rod 4. small bacterium |
| what are bacilli | large rod-shaped found singly or in groups |
| what do bacilli cause | anthrax,gastroenteritis,botulism,tetanus,salmonella,swimmer's ear,endocarditic,pulmonary infections |
| what are cocci | large,round bacteria found singly, in pairs(diplococci),in strings(streptococci), or in clusters(straphylococci |
| what do cocci cause | staphylococci infections,food poisoning,UTI,toxic shock syndrome,throat binfection,pneumonia,sinusitis,otitis media,rheumatic fever,dental caries,meningitis,gonorrhea,pelvic inflammatory disease |
| what are curved or spiral rods | curved rods arranged arranged singly or in strands, or large curved or spiral cells arranged singly or in cell colonies |
| what do curved or spiral rods cause | cholera,gastroentetitis,wound infection,diarrhea,syphilis,lyme disease |
| what are small bacteria | round or oval and can reproduce only inside other living cells, thus called obligate intracellular parasites |
| what are the 2 types of bacteria | rickettsia & chlamydia |
| what do small bacteria cause | rocky mountain spotted fever,and Q fever,genital infection,conjunctivitis,pelvic inflammatory disease,lymphogranuloma venereum,parrot fever |
| what are spores | resistant dormant forms that some bacteria can develop |
| what are archaea | a microbe similar to bacteria, but can thrive in extremely hot, acid, or salty environments |
| what are fungi | group of simple organisms similar to plants but no chlrophyll, so cannot produce food. |
| where do fungi normally live | on or near the skin or mucous membrane,as in athlete's foot,and vaginal yeast infections |
| what are yeasts | smaLL SINGLE-CELLED FUNGI |
| what are molds | large multicellular fungi |
| why are fungal or myotic infections a serious health problem | they resist treatment |
| what do candida organisms cause | thrush and mucous membrane infections(including vaginal yeast infections) |
| what do epidermophyton and microsporum cause | ringworm,jock itch,athlete's foot |
| what do hisplasma cause | hispolasmosis |
| what do aspergillus cause | aspergillosis and pneumonia |
| what do coccidioides cause | coccidioidomycosis(san Joaquin fever) |
| what are protozoa | protists one-celled organisms that are larger than bacteria and whose DNA is organized in a nucleus. |
| what are the pathogenic protozoa | 1.amoebas,2.flagellates,3.ciliates,4.sporozoa |
| what are amoebas | large cells of changing shape. they extend their membranes to form (pseudopodia)false feet that pull themselves along |
| what do amoebas cause | diarrhea,amebic dysentry,and liver and lung infections |
| what are flagellates | similar to amoeba but move by wiggling long,whiplike extensions called flagella |
| what do flagellates cause | giardiasis,diarrhea,and malabsorption syndrome |
| what are ciliates | protozoa that move by means of many short,hairlike projections called cilia |
| what do ciliates cause | gastrointestinal disturbances, including pain, nausea, and anorexia |
| what are sporozoa(coccidia) | protozoa with unusal organelles at their tips that allow them to enter host cells. |
| what are metazoa | pathogenic animals |
| what are the pathogenic animals | 1.nematodes,2.platyhelminths,3.anthropods |
| what are nematodes | large parasites also called roundworms, often transmitted by food or flies that bite |
| what do nematodes cause | intestinal roundworm,GI obstruction,bronchial damage, pinworm infestation, lower GI tract, itching around the anus,insomnia,trichinosis,fever,muscle pain |
| what are platyhelminths | large parasites aka flatworms and flukes |
| what do platyhelminths cause | schistosomiasis(snail fever),liver fluke infestation,pork and beef tapeworm infestation |
| what are anthropods | group of parasites that include mites,ticks,lice,fleas,wasps,bees,mosquitoes,spiders. they can cause injury or infestation and can also carry other pathogenic organisms |
| what do anthropods cause | infestation by mites and ticks;toxic bites by spiders, scorpions;and transmission of other pathogens,infestation by fleas and lice;toxic bites by wasps,mosquitoes,and bees; |
| what is a vector | an organism that spreads disease to other organisms |
| what are the modes of transmission | person-to-person,environmental,opportunistic invasion,by a vector |
| what are the common aseptic methods that prevent the spread of pathogen | sterilization,disinfection,antisepsis,isolation |
| what prevention strategy has worked with some bacterial and viral pathogens | vaccination |
| when an infection has begun,what common approach is used to destroy the pathogens | antibiotics |
| what are neoplasms | abnormal growth of cells, or tumors |
| what are the 2 classification of tumors | benign and malignant |
| what is benign tumor | they remain localized within the tissue from which they arose;they are usually encapsulated and grow slowly |
| what are malignant tumors | these are cancer and are not encapsulated and do not stay in one place. |
| what is metastasis | the migration of cells by way of the lymphatic or blood vessels |
| what benign tumors arise from epithelial tissues | 1.papilloma,2.adenoma,3nevus, |
| what benign tumors arise from connective tissues | 1.lipoma,2.osteoma,3.chondroma |
| what malignant tumors arise from epithelial tissues(carcinomas) | 1.melanoma,2.adenocarcinoma |
| what malignant tumors arise from connective tissues(sarcomas) | 1.lymphoma,2.osteosarcoma,3.myeloma,4.fibrosarcoma |
| what is hyperplasia | produce too many cells |
| what is anaplasia | growth nof abnormal cells |
| what are oncogenes | cancer genes |
| what causes cancer | 1.genetic factors,2.carcinogens(cancer makers),3.age,4.environment,5.viruses |
| what are oncologists | cancer specialists |
| what methods are used to detect presence of cancer | 1.self-examination,2.diagnostic imaging like radiography, Computed tomography(CT)scanning,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),biopsy(removal and examination of living things,blod test |
| what is staging | classifying a tumor based on size and the extent of its spread |
| what is grading | an assessment of what the tumor is likely to do based on the degree of cell abnormality |
| what is cachexia | a syndrome involving loss of appetite, severe weight loss,and general weakness |
| when tissue cells are damaged, what inflammation mediators do they release | histamine,prostaglandins,kinins |
| what is inflammatory exudate | the fluid that accumulates in inflamed tissue |
| what are the principal organs of the integumentary system | skin(includes hair,nails,glands) |
| what are the principal organs of the endocrine | the glands,pancreatic islets,ovaries,testes |
| what is the main function of the integumentary system | protection |
| what are ligaments | bands of fibrous connective tissue that help hold bones together |
| what are joints | connections between 2 or more bones |
| what is a cartilage | connection between one bone and another |
| what is the main function of the skeleton | protection and support for the brain and other internal organs; also storage for important minerals like calcium and phosphorus |
| what are functions of the muscular system | movement, maintain our posture, provide heat to maintain our body temperature |
| what is the muscle organ that attaches the muscle to a bone | tendon |
| what is the nervous system comprised of | brain,spinal cord,nerves |
| what are the main functions of the nervous system | communication,integration of body functions,control of body functions,recognition of sensory stimuli |
| what system secretes hormones directly into he blood | endocrine |
| where are the pituitary gland,pineal gland and hypothalamus located | skull |
| where can the thyroid and parathyroid glands located | neck |
| where can the thymus gland found | thoracic cavity |
| what is the main function of the circulatory system | transportation |
| what is integument | it refers to the skin |
| what organs form the cardiovascular system | heart,arteries,veins,capillaries |
| what are the organs of the skeletal system | bones, ligaments |
| what are the lymphatic vessels filled with | watery fluid containing lymphocytes,proteins,fatty molecules |
| what system moves fluids and small particles back to the blood | lymphatic |
| what are the major organs of the respiratory system | nose,pharynx,larynx,bronchi,lungs |
| what system is involved in regulating the acid-base balance of the body | respiratory |
| what are the primary organs of digestion | mouth,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,small intestine,rectum, anal canal |
| what are the accesory digestive organs | teeth,salivary glands,tongue,liver,gallbladder,pancreas,appendix |
| what is the name of the tube of the digestive system that is open at both ends | alimentary canal or GI tract |
| what are the organs of the urinary system | kidneys,ureters,bladder,urethra |
| what is the name of the essentialorgans of production in both male and female | gonads |
| what is the external genitalia comprised of in males | penis and scrotum |
| what is the external genitalia in females | vulva |
| what organ in males is shared by both the urinary and reproductive systems | urethra |
| what are the 3 main parts of a cell | plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus |
| what is the membrane enclosing the cytoplasm | plasma membrane |
| what is the name of the 2 layers of phosphate-containing fat molecules called | phospholipids |
| what is another fat molecule that is a component of the plasma membrane | cholesterol |
| what is the internal living material of cells called | cytoplasm |
| what is the main function of the nucleus | controls every organelle in the cytoplasm;it also controls the complex process of cell reproduction |
| what surrounds the nucleus | nuclear envelope |
| what tiny openings in the nuclear envelope permit large molecules to move into and out of the nucleus | nuclear pores |
| what is the name of cell material within the nucleus enclosed by the nuclear envelope | nucleoplasm |
| what are the 2 most important specialized structures in the nucleoplasm | nucleolus and chromatin |
| what are the threadlike structures made of proteins and hereditary molecules in the nucleus called | DNA |
| what is the name of the DNA molecule that has coiled to form a compact mass during mitosis | chromosomes |
| what is mitosis | indirect cell division involving complex changes in the nucleus |
| what is the movement of particles through a membrane from high concentration to low concentration | diffusion |
| what is RibonucleicAcid(RNA) | nucleic acid found in the cytoplasm that is crucial in protein synthesis |
| what are the bases that each DNA molecule is made of | adenine,thymine,guanine,cystosine |
| What is a gene | a specific segment of base pairs in a chromosome |
| what is the store of information in each gene called | genetic code |
| what is the main function of the coded information in the genes | it controls protein and enzyme production |
| what do enzymes do | facilitate cellular chemical reactions,and these determine cell structure and function, thus heredity |
| both RNA and DNA are composed of four bases,a sugar and phosphate.is this true or false | true |
| what is the name of the process of transferring genetic information from the nucleus into the cytoplasm | transcription(copy) and translation |
| During what method does the double stranded DNA molecule separate to form mRNA | transcription |
| what is the synthesis of a protein by ribosomes in which the information in an mRNA is used to direct the choice of building amono acids | translation |
| what is the name of a series of 3 mucleotide bases that act as a code representing a specific amino acid | codon |
| what is total of all te DNA in each cell of the body called | genome |
| what is the term referring to excessive,uncontrollable bleding | hemophilia |
| at what stage is the cell not dividing but going about its usual functions | interphase |
| what is the first stage of mitosis | prophase |
| during prophase, the chromosomes in the nucleus form 2 strands called what | chromatids |
| the beadlike structure that holds the chromatids together is called what | centromere |
| what is the protein factory called | ribosomes |
| what is the digestive system in the cell called | lysosomes |
| what helps in cell production | centrioles |
| what is the powr plant | mitochondria |
| what is the packaging and processing center | golgi apparatus |
| what is the term given to increase in size of individual cells | hypertrophy |
| what is the condition where cells fail to mature normally | anaplasia |
| what is neoplasm | tumor |
| what are the 4 main tissues of the body's main organs | epithelial,connective,muscle,nervous |
| what is the function of the areolar | connection |
| what is the function of the adipose(fat) | protection |
| what is the function of the hematopoietic | blood cell formation |
| what tissue covers the body and many of its parts | epithelial |
| what is meant by striated | marked by parallel or structural lines |
| the skeletal and cardiac muscles are both striated and voluntary. true or false | false. both are striated but the skeletal is voluntary and the cardiac is involuntary |
| what is the term given to the amount and kinds of intercellular material found between the cells in the connective tissue | matrix |
| what are the major types of connective tissue in the body | areolar, adipose,fibrous,bone,cartilage,blood,hematopoeitic |
| among the connective tissue, which 1 is the most widely distributed | areolar |
| what tissue in the connective stores lipids | adipose |
| what are chondrocytes | cartilage cells |
| what are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue | skeletal,cardiac, smooth |
| what are the 2 kinds of cells in the nervous system | neurons,neuroglia |
| through what process is the nerve impulse transmitted away from the cell body | axon |
| what is the process through which impulses are carried toward the cell body | dendrites |
| anything that occupies space is called what | matter |
| what is the smallest unit of matter | atom |
| what is an atom compoed of | protons(+),neutrons(-),electrons |
| the atomic mass is the number of what | protons |
| electrons move about within certain limits called orbitals.true or false arranged | true |
| orbitals are arranged into what | energy levels(shells) |
| atoms unite to form larger chemicals called what | molecules |
| substances whose molecules have more than one element are called what | compound |
| why do chemical bonds form | to make an atom more stable |
| 2 atoms of the same atomic number and element are called what | isotypes |
| what is an ion | electronically atom or group of atoms |
| what is an ionic bond | chemical bond formed by the positive-negative attraction between 2 ions |
| when 2 atoms share the same bond, it is called what | covalent bond |
| covalent bonds break easily in water.true or false | false |
| acids produce an excess of h+ ions, and thus a base. true or false | true |
| chemicals that maintain the body's pH are called what | buffers |
| what category of organic chemical is made up of monosaccharites | carbohydrates |
| what category of organic chemical is made up of fatty acids | lipid |
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