Comm and media law, Iygor, Chap 6
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| Chilling effect | reluctance of journalists to pursue controversial topics for fear of libel suits |
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| Communication | refers to the fact that a newspaper has been published, a broadcast has gone out over the airwaves, or the material on the internet has been exposed to the public |
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| defemation | used to refer to both libel and slander, in some states |
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| fair comment and criticism | defense in libel cases that applies to forms of opinion writing such as editorials, columns and entertainment reviews |
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| group libel | legal actions take by individuals claiming that they were defames by criticisms of the group |
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| injurous falsehood | used to refer to both libel and slander, in some states |
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| Involuntart public figure | person who does not seek the spobetlight but instead is thrust into it by circumstance |
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| libel per se of a communicator | form of falsehood stated directly |
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| libel per quod | form of falsehood that is implied rather that directly stated |
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| limited public figure | otherwise private person who is considered a public figure only in connection to a specific news story or issue |
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| Malice | intent of a communicator to spread info known to be false |
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| neutral reportage | extension of the privelge defense. not recognized by all courts |
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| Privelege | libel defense in which info cannot be subject of libel action if it is announced at a government meeting or during a legal preceeding |
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| product disparagement | form of libel in which the subject is a companys product rather than the company as a whole |
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| public figure | an individual such as a public official, entertainment celebrity, or well-known professional or amateur athlete |
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| public official | public figure who serves in a public office, campaigns for public office, or participates in policy development |
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| rhetorical hyperbole | clear exaggeration or falsehood that is not intended to be taken seriously by the audience |
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| wire service defense | provides limited protection for newspapers or other media outlets that publish or broadcast defamatory info derived from wire service reports |
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| All purpose figure | public official or celebrity whose name is a household name |
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