toshi urakawa
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| ___gain more heat than they lose | tropical latitudes
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| ___ lose more heat to space than they gain | high latitudes
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| where is the amount of sun energy received and lost balanced? | 38 degrees N and 38 degrees S
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| ____ carries the heat to SW England where we can find palm trees | gulf stream
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| the ocean atmosphere that contain water vapor can hold a huge amount of ____ (thermal inertia) | latent heat
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| wind ---> | hadley cells
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| coriolis effect ---> | Farrel and polar cells
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| variation on the water vapor saturation with ____ | temperature
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| what happens when warm air bumps up cool air? | widespread clouds and precipitation
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| wind is formed by 2 pressure systems, ___ and ____ | low/ high pressure
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| high and low pressure center with wind direction circles are ___ with pressure in mb (millibars) | isobars
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| ___ formed when cool air from over the water is moving towards land | sea breeze
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| ___ occur after sunset when air warmed by the land blows towards water | land breeze
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| ___(hurricanes) form from disturbances within one warm and humid air mass | tropical cyclone
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| ___ form at the boundary between polar and farrel cells(polar front) | extratropical cyclones
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| N. Americas most violent extratropical cyclones shown in winter | Nor' easters (northeasters)
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| a tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a ____ and numerous thunderstorms that produce stronge winds and heavy rain | large low-pressure center
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| tremendous energy is released as moisture changes from ____ | water vapor to liquid
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| what is necessary for hurricane formation? | on tropical ocean (energy source)
latent heat
coriolis effect
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| part of a hurricane that is relatively calm, light winds and few clouds | eye
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| there are sometimes gaps between them where no rain is found and there is areas of rising and sinking air | spiral rain bands
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| hurricanes form ____ which are most deadly aspect of the cyclone | storm surges
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| ___ increases when waves and strong winds bring water mass near shore | height
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| low atmospheric pressure at storms center produces | dome of sea water
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| global warming does not increase the # of storms but increases their____ | intensity
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| a wave is a ____ that propagates through space and time with transfer of energy | physical disturbance
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| waves are characterized into 2 groups: | longitudinal and transverse
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| back and forth, have the same direction of oscillation or vibration along their direction of travel | longitudinal waves
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| up and down, moving wave that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular to direction on energy transfer | transverse waves
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| a ribbon of energy is moving at the speed of the wave but water is not ex) the "wave" at a sports event | ocean wave
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| ____ is most useful measure of wave size | wavelength
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| waves transmit ___ along oceans surface | energy
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| most wave energy is typically concentrated in ___ | wind waves
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| ____ long wave in a lake or ocean basin that sloshes back and forth from on end to the other | seiche
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| at the ____, water moves sideways and does not rise or fall | node
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| waves of moving energy in which the waves form moves in one direction along surface | progressive waves
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| waves in which particles of water move in closed circles as the wave passes | orbital waves
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| capillary waves become ____(wind waves) as their wave length exceeds 1.74 centimeters and continue to grow as long as the wind above them exceeds their speed | gravity waves
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| known as "baby waves", wavelength less than 2 cm | capillary waves
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| must be moving faster than the wave crest for energy transfer to continue | wind speed
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| wind that blows for a short time that will not generate large waves | wind duration
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| uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without changing direction | fetch
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| wave size increases with increase ____ | wind speed, duration, fetch
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| ___ are strongly influenced by winds | geostrophic currents
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| windiest and waviest ocean? | the southern ocean
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| strong and continuous winds of the ___ make the highest waves in the southern ocean | west wind drift
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| when waves meet up, they ___ with one another | interfere
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| 2 waves interference that cancel each other out | destructive interference
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| additive interference that results in waves larger than the original waves | constructive interference
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| these freak waves occur due to interference and result in a wave crest higher than the theoretical maximum | rogue waves
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| contraint of circular wave motion ____ the wave | slows
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| the wave ___ when the ratio of wave height ro water depth is about 3:4 | breaks
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| slowing and bending of waves in shallow water | wave refraction
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| propagation of a wave around an obstacle | wave diffraction
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| occurs when waves " bounce back" from an obstacle they encounter | wave reflection
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| what different ways can waves break against the shore? | plunging & spilling waves
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| break violently against the shore, leaving an air-filled tube, or channel, between the crest and foot of the wave, formed when waves approach a shore over a steeply sloped bottom | plunging waves
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| occur on gradually sloping ocean bottoms | spilling waves
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| abrupt bulge of water driven by hurricanes or frontal storm | storm surges
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| long- wavelength, shallow water, progressive waves caused by the rapid displacement of ocean water | tsunami
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| 2 largest causes of disasters | storm surges/tsunami
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| landslides, falling icebergs, volcanic eruptions, asteroid impacts, and other direct displacements of water surface generate ____ | tsunami
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| 11 destructive tsunami have claimed more than ___ lives since 1990 | 180,000
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| speed of a tsunami can be calculated by ___,__,__ | c=square root gd
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| 9.8 meters per second (acceleration due to gravity) in the tsunami equation = __? | the term "g"
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| depth (a typical Pacific abyssal depth is 4,600 m) in the tsunami equation =__? | the term "d"
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| things todo before/during a tsunami? | 1) turn on radio
2) move inland high ground
3) stay away from beach
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| the first part of a tsunami to reach land is a trough called ____ | drawback
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| ___ are periodic, short-term changes in the oceans surfaces height at a particular place | tides
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| tides are the ___ of all waves | longest
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| tides are caused by a combination on the gravitational force of the: | moon/sun/motion of earth
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| tides are ____ | forced waves
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| waves such as wind waves, seiches, and tsunamis are ____, which are no longer being acted on by the force that created them and require alternate forces | free waves
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| tides are ___ of the forces that cause them | never free
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| how ocean water moved, ____ | tidal bulges
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| the moods gravity attracts the ___ toward it | ocean
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| motion of the earth around the center mass of the earth-moon system throws up a ____ on the side of earth opposite the moon | bulge
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| combination on the 2 effects creates 2 ____ | tidal bulges
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| when the mood attracts the ocean | gravitational force
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| when the earths motion creates opposite bulge | centrifugal force (inertia)
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| net force when effects of inertia and gravitational attraction are combined, ____ | tractive force
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| the 2 forces, ___ and ___ that can move the ocean and are precisely equal in strength but opposite in direction, thus balanced only @ center of earth | inertia,gravitational attraction
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| the month is 29.5 days, 24 hours and 50 min, ____ | lunar calendar
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| ____ arrives 50 min. later each day | highest tide
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| spring tide and neap tide are influences of the ___ | sun
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| relationship of spring and neap tides to the ___ of the moon | phases
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| exceptionally high/low tides occur at time of the new moon or the full moon when the sun, moon, and earth are approximately aligned | spring tides
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| the lowest tides of the lunar month, which occur in the second and fourth quarters of the moon | neap tide
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| movement of water towards and away from land with the high/low tides generates ____ | tidal currents
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| the flow of water towards the land with the approaching high tide | flood current
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| the flow of water away from the land with the approaching low tide | Ebb current
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| reach max ___ midway between high/low tide | velocity
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| time of no currents, occurs at high/low tides when the current changes direction | slack water
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| example is Los Angelas tides | mixed tide
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| example is Mobile, Alabama tides | diurnal tide
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| example is Cape Code tides | semidiurnal tide
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| fort myers is a ___ zone | micotidal
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| tides are in broad confined ____ | basins
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| ____ generally increases with increasing distane from amphidromic points | tidal ranges
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| largest tidal range (hopewell rocks) is in eastern ____ where tidal range is near 15m | bay of Fundy
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| ____ do not develop in narrow basins because they provide no space for rotation | true amphidromic systems
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| tides in the Bar of Fundy and Nova Scotia are extreme because because water in the bay naturally ____(seiches) at the same time frequency as the lunar tide | resonates
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| tidal ranges increase if a bay tapers landward because water is ___ toward the basins narrow end | funneled
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| results from a coincidence of timing: the time is takes a large wave to go from the mouth of the bay to the inner shore and back is practically the same as the time from one high tide to the next | tidal resonance
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| the worlds largest tidal bore ___, arrives on schedule in the Qiantang River | the "silver dragon"
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| wall of water the moves upriver, ___ | tidal bore
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| 3 factors of a tidal bore: | 1) large tidal range
2) tapering basin geometry
3) water depths that decrease systematically upriver
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| tidal bores are seen at the ___ | river mouth
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| tidal energy from the ___ and tidal friction is ultimately dissipated as heat | rotation of earth
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| ____ do not move | tidal bulges
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| ___ is friction that gradually slows the earths rotation by a few hundredth of a second per century | tidal friction
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| tropical cyclones in the northern hemisphere spin ____ | counterclockwise
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| the major winds in Hadley cells are called ____ | trade winds
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| air condition of low pressure ____ | hot and humid
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| air condition of high pressure ___ | chilly and dry
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| heating of earth varies and latitude and ice reflects much of the solar energy that reaches the poles, _____ | solar heating of earth
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