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Oceanography exam 3
toshi urakawa
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___gain more heat than they lose | tropical latitudes |
| ___ lose more heat to space than they gain | high latitudes |
| where is the amount of sun energy received and lost balanced? | 38 degrees N and 38 degrees S |
| ____ carries the heat to SW England where we can find palm trees | gulf stream |
| the ocean atmosphere that contain water vapor can hold a huge amount of ____ (thermal inertia) | latent heat |
| wind ---> | hadley cells |
| coriolis effect ---> | Farrel and polar cells |
| variation on the water vapor saturation with ____ | temperature |
| what happens when warm air bumps up cool air? | widespread clouds and precipitation |
| wind is formed by 2 pressure systems, ___ and ____ | low/ high pressure |
| high and low pressure center with wind direction circles are ___ with pressure in mb (millibars) | isobars |
| ___ formed when cool air from over the water is moving towards land | sea breeze |
| ___ occur after sunset when air warmed by the land blows towards water | land breeze |
| ___(hurricanes) form from disturbances within one warm and humid air mass | tropical cyclone |
| ___ form at the boundary between polar and farrel cells(polar front) | extratropical cyclones |
| N. Americas most violent extratropical cyclones shown in winter | Nor' easters (northeasters) |
| a tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a ____ and numerous thunderstorms that produce stronge winds and heavy rain | large low-pressure center |
| tremendous energy is released as moisture changes from ____ | water vapor to liquid |
| what is necessary for hurricane formation? | on tropical ocean (energy source) latent heat coriolis effect |
| part of a hurricane that is relatively calm, light winds and few clouds | eye |
| there are sometimes gaps between them where no rain is found and there is areas of rising and sinking air | spiral rain bands |
| hurricanes form ____ which are most deadly aspect of the cyclone | storm surges |
| ___ increases when waves and strong winds bring water mass near shore | height |
| low atmospheric pressure at storms center produces | dome of sea water |
| global warming does not increase the # of storms but increases their____ | intensity |
| a wave is a ____ that propagates through space and time with transfer of energy | physical disturbance |
| waves are characterized into 2 groups: | longitudinal and transverse |
| back and forth, have the same direction of oscillation or vibration along their direction of travel | longitudinal waves |
| up and down, moving wave that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular to direction on energy transfer | transverse waves |
| a ribbon of energy is moving at the speed of the wave but water is not ex) the "wave" at a sports event | ocean wave |
| ____ is most useful measure of wave size | wavelength |
| waves transmit ___ along oceans surface | energy |
| most wave energy is typically concentrated in ___ | wind waves |
| ____ long wave in a lake or ocean basin that sloshes back and forth from on end to the other | seiche |
| at the ____, water moves sideways and does not rise or fall | node |
| waves of moving energy in which the waves form moves in one direction along surface | progressive waves |
| waves in which particles of water move in closed circles as the wave passes | orbital waves |
| capillary waves become ____(wind waves) as their wave length exceeds 1.74 centimeters and continue to grow as long as the wind above them exceeds their speed | gravity waves |
| known as "baby waves", wavelength less than 2 cm | capillary waves |
| must be moving faster than the wave crest for energy transfer to continue | wind speed |
| wind that blows for a short time that will not generate large waves | wind duration |
| uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without changing direction | fetch |
| wave size increases with increase ____ | wind speed, duration, fetch |
| ___ are strongly influenced by winds | geostrophic currents |
| windiest and waviest ocean? | the southern ocean |
| strong and continuous winds of the ___ make the highest waves in the southern ocean | west wind drift |
| when waves meet up, they ___ with one another | interfere |
| 2 waves interference that cancel each other out | destructive interference |
| additive interference that results in waves larger than the original waves | constructive interference |
| these freak waves occur due to interference and result in a wave crest higher than the theoretical maximum | rogue waves |
| contraint of circular wave motion ____ the wave | slows |
| the wave ___ when the ratio of wave height ro water depth is about 3:4 | breaks |
| slowing and bending of waves in shallow water | wave refraction |
| propagation of a wave around an obstacle | wave diffraction |
| occurs when waves " bounce back" from an obstacle they encounter | wave reflection |
| what different ways can waves break against the shore? | plunging & spilling waves |
| break violently against the shore, leaving an air-filled tube, or channel, between the crest and foot of the wave, formed when waves approach a shore over a steeply sloped bottom | plunging waves |
| occur on gradually sloping ocean bottoms | spilling waves |
| abrupt bulge of water driven by hurricanes or frontal storm | storm surges |
| long- wavelength, shallow water, progressive waves caused by the rapid displacement of ocean water | tsunami |
| 2 largest causes of disasters | storm surges/tsunami |
| landslides, falling icebergs, volcanic eruptions, asteroid impacts, and other direct displacements of water surface generate ____ | tsunami |
| 11 destructive tsunami have claimed more than ___ lives since 1990 | 180,000 |
| speed of a tsunami can be calculated by ___,__,__ | c=square root gd |
| 9.8 meters per second (acceleration due to gravity) in the tsunami equation = __? | the term "g" |
| depth (a typical Pacific abyssal depth is 4,600 m) in the tsunami equation =__? | the term "d" |
| things todo before/during a tsunami? | 1) turn on radio 2) move inland high ground 3) stay away from beach |
| the first part of a tsunami to reach land is a trough called ____ | drawback |
| ___ are periodic, short-term changes in the oceans surfaces height at a particular place | tides |
| tides are the ___ of all waves | longest |
| tides are caused by a combination on the gravitational force of the: | moon/sun/motion of earth |
| tides are ____ | forced waves |
| waves such as wind waves, seiches, and tsunamis are ____, which are no longer being acted on by the force that created them and require alternate forces | free waves |
| tides are ___ of the forces that cause them | never free |
| how ocean water moved, ____ | tidal bulges |
| the moods gravity attracts the ___ toward it | ocean |
| motion of the earth around the center mass of the earth-moon system throws up a ____ on the side of earth opposite the moon | bulge |
| combination on the 2 effects creates 2 ____ | tidal bulges |
| when the mood attracts the ocean | gravitational force |
| when the earths motion creates opposite bulge | centrifugal force (inertia) |
| net force when effects of inertia and gravitational attraction are combined, ____ | tractive force |
| the 2 forces, ___ and ___ that can move the ocean and are precisely equal in strength but opposite in direction, thus balanced only @ center of earth | inertia,gravitational attraction |
| the month is 29.5 days, 24 hours and 50 min, ____ | lunar calendar |
| ____ arrives 50 min. later each day | highest tide |
| spring tide and neap tide are influences of the ___ | sun |
| relationship of spring and neap tides to the ___ of the moon | phases |
| exceptionally high/low tides occur at time of the new moon or the full moon when the sun, moon, and earth are approximately aligned | spring tides |
| the lowest tides of the lunar month, which occur in the second and fourth quarters of the moon | neap tide |
| movement of water towards and away from land with the high/low tides generates ____ | tidal currents |
| the flow of water towards the land with the approaching high tide | flood current |
| the flow of water away from the land with the approaching low tide | Ebb current |
| reach max ___ midway between high/low tide | velocity |
| time of no currents, occurs at high/low tides when the current changes direction | slack water |
| example is Los Angelas tides | mixed tide |
| example is Mobile, Alabama tides | diurnal tide |
| example is Cape Code tides | semidiurnal tide |
| fort myers is a ___ zone | micotidal |
| tides are in broad confined ____ | basins |
| ____ generally increases with increasing distane from amphidromic points | tidal ranges |
| largest tidal range (hopewell rocks) is in eastern ____ where tidal range is near 15m | bay of Fundy |
| ____ do not develop in narrow basins because they provide no space for rotation | true amphidromic systems |
| tides in the Bar of Fundy and Nova Scotia are extreme because because water in the bay naturally ____(seiches) at the same time frequency as the lunar tide | resonates |
| tidal ranges increase if a bay tapers landward because water is ___ toward the basins narrow end | funneled |
| results from a coincidence of timing: the time is takes a large wave to go from the mouth of the bay to the inner shore and back is practically the same as the time from one high tide to the next | tidal resonance |
| the worlds largest tidal bore ___, arrives on schedule in the Qiantang River | the "silver dragon" |
| wall of water the moves upriver, ___ | tidal bore |
| 3 factors of a tidal bore: | 1) large tidal range 2) tapering basin geometry 3) water depths that decrease systematically upriver |
| tidal bores are seen at the ___ | river mouth |
| tidal energy from the ___ and tidal friction is ultimately dissipated as heat | rotation of earth |
| ____ do not move | tidal bulges |
| ___ is friction that gradually slows the earths rotation by a few hundredth of a second per century | tidal friction |
| tropical cyclones in the northern hemisphere spin ____ | counterclockwise |
| the major winds in Hadley cells are called ____ | trade winds |
| air condition of low pressure ____ | hot and humid |
| air condition of high pressure ___ | chilly and dry |
| heating of earth varies and latitude and ice reflects much of the solar energy that reaches the poles, _____ | solar heating of earth |
Created by:
KAzetapi
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