Hematologic and Lymp
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| The formation of blood or blood cells in the living body | Hematopoeisis or hematogenesis, sanguification
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| Clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood, lymph, or intramuscular fluid in which cells are suspended | Plasma
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| Circulation of blood to the liver from the small intestine via the portal vein, the pathway of blood flow from the GI tract and spleen to the liver via the portal vein and its tributaries | Hepatic portal circulation
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| RBC NORMAL VALUE MEN | 4.7-6 million/mm3
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| RBC NORMAL VALUE WOMEN | 4.2-5.4 million/mm3
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| Hgb normal value men | 14-18g/100mL
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| Hgb normal value women | 12-16g/100mL
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| Hct normal value men | 42-52%
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| Hct normal value women | 37-47%
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| WBC normal value | 5,000-10,000/mm3
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| Protein substance found on a red blood cell that allows it to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide | Hemoglobin
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| Hemoglobin contains ___, making it an excellent vehicle for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide | Iron
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| What is the role of an erythrocyte? | RBC responsible of transporting oxygen throughout the body
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| What factors affect the production of healthy erythrocytes? | Anemia, vit B-12 deficiency,
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| What is hemoglobin, and why is it important | Protein substance found on a red blood cell that allows it to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, without it, transport of O2 can?t be done to different cells of the body.
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| What is Sickle cell anemia | Inherited and sometimes serious anemia, caused by a defective form of hemoglobin that forces red blood cells to assume an abnormal crescent (sickle) shape. These irregular-shaped red blood cells die prematurely, resulting in a chronic shortage of red bloo
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| What are the other different types of anemia? | Iron-deficiency anemia (Iron makes hgb); Vitamin deficiency (B12 that makes RBC); Bone marrow and stem cell problems;hemolytic anemia
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| What are the causes of the different types of anemia? | Blood loss (hemorrhage, ulcer, cancer, menstruation, childbirth); Decreased red blood cell production (iron/B12 deficiency, bone marrow production pb); Destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia)
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| How can anemia be treated? | Transfusion, transplant (bone marrow), eliminate the cause of blood loss, supplement of deficient component (iron supplement), surgery (stop bleeding); medication (menstruation)
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| Why are iron supplements important in discussion about the hematologic system? | Iron synthesizes hemoglobin, which is important for RBC to be able to carry O2
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| What types of preparations/routes that can be used to administer iron? | Oral
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| What important nursing interventions must you consider when giving oral iron supplements? | Taken an hour before meals, Allergies, liver pb, alcohol use, check B12 deficiency, liquid version has sugar and/or alcohol, if breastfeeding
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| What are the different types of leukocytes? | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes and Monocytes
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| Largest leukocytes | Monocytes
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| Most abundant leukocyte | Neutrophils
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| Immune defense, phagocytosis, 1st line of defense | Neutrophils
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| Defense against parasites | Eosinophils
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| Inflammatory response | Basophils
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| Antibody production | Lymphocytes
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| Immune defenses, learn to phagocyte specific cells | Monocytes
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| What is a complete blood count? What can it tell you? | It?s a test that gives information about the kinds and numbers of cells in the blood, a combination of totals from the red blood cell count, white blood cell count, erythrocyte indices, hematocrit, and differential blood count. A CBC helps the doctor chec
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| Ratio of the volume of the red blood cells to the blood volume | hematocrit
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| Number of specific types of white blood cells found in 1 cubic millimeter of blood | differential blood count
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| Calculations for determining the average size, hemoglobin content, and concentration of red blood cells, including mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, and mean cell hemoglobin concentration | erythrocyte indices
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| Where are leukocytes made? | They are produced in the red bone marrow of our bones
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| What conditions will alter leukocyte production? | Anemia, Autoimmune disease, Viral infection, Neutropenia (An undesirable side effect of some cancer treatments), Leukemia (cancer of the blood cells)
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| What are platelets? | Thrombocytes, disk-shaped, smallest cells in the blood,
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| Where do platelets come from? | Red bone marrow
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| What is importance of platelets? | Essential for coagulation of blood and maintain homeostasis
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| WBC and platelets form__ | buffy coat
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| Why is knowing a client?s blood type important? | In case of transfusion, give him the right blood and avoid agglutination
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| What are the different blood types? | A, B, AB, O
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| What antigens are present on the different types of blood? | A, B, Rh
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| Lymphatic vessels pick up fluid in the ___ and return it to ___ in vessels near the ___ | Lymphatic vessels pick up fluid in the tissue and return it to blood in vessels near the heart
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| Lymphatic capillaries are more or less permeable than blood capillaries? | More. They can pick up fluid and protein left in the tissue as blood leaves capillary bed.
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| Fluid in the tissue spaces that carries protein molecules and other substances back to the blood | Lymph
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| Difference btw afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels | Afferent (4 or 5) carry lymph toward the center of a lymph node. Efferent (one) carry lymph from the center of a lymph node to outside.
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| Different tonsils and location | Pharyngeal (Adenoids, Roof ofÿpharynx), tubal (roof of pharynx), 2 Palatines (at each rear of the throat), Lingual (Behindÿthe tongue)
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| What symptoms would indicate a person has an infection? | Fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, fevers, night sweats, chills, aches and pains.
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| What factors put a person at risk for an infection or decrease a person?s immunity? | Decreased immune system secondary to disease, compromised circulation secondary to peripheral vascular disease, compromised skin integrity secondary to surgery, or repeated contact with contagious agents
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| What components of the blood are responsible for fighting infection? | WBC-Lymphocytes
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| What amount of blood is pumped by an adult heart every minute? | 5-6 Liters
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| Functions of the lymphatic system | Transport excess fluid from the interstitial spaces to the circulatory system; Protect the body from infections
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| Occurs when the body does not have enough iron to synthesize functional Hgb | Iron deficiency anemia
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| Symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia | fatigue, palpitations, tachycardia, exertional dyspnea, pica, stomatitis, glossitis, and brittle hair.
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| Occurs when the bone marrow stops making enough blood cells | Aplastic anemia
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| Symptoms of Aplastic anemia | fatigue, weakness, fever, palpitations, headaches, mouth ulcers, petechiae, gingival bleeding, epistaxis
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| Inability to absorb vitamin B12 due to the absence of intrinsic factor | Pernicious anemia
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| Symptoms of Pernicious anemia | weakness, sore tongue, edema, ataxia, dizziness, dyspnea, headache, fever, blurred vision, etc.
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| Destruction of RBCs occurs, iron and hemoglobin are released | Acquired Hemolytic anemia
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| Symptoms of Hemolytic anemia | mild fatigue and pallor, jaundice, palpitations, hypotension, dyspnea, and back and joint pain
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| Treatment of Hemolytic anemia | remove cause, also blood transfusions, spleenectomy, medications
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| Genetic disorder that causes abnormally shaped red blood cells. | Sickle Cell Anemia (Inherited hemolytic anemia)
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| Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia | Anemia, enlarged heart, fatigue, jaundice, chronic leg ulcers, tachypnea, dyspnea, arrhythmias, and severe pain
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| Who is at risk for developing Sickle Cell Disease? | Blacks and people of Mediterranean descent
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| How is Sickle Cell Anemia transmitted? | Inherited, genetic disease, from both parents
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| What are symptoms of sickle cell crisis? | Severe pain, Anemia, Chest pain and difficulty breathing, Strokes, Joint pain and arthritis and bone infarctions, Blockage of blood flow in the spleen or liver, Severe infections
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| What treatment interventions would you expect for crisis? | Immediate transfusion of packed red blood cells, alleviation (make it easy to tolerate) of severe abdominal and joint pain with analgesics or narcotics; oxygen therapy; hydration by oral or IV; electrolyte replacement
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| Increased production of red blood cells | Polycythemia
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| Symptoms of Polycythemia | headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision, fatigue, weakness, pruritis, exertional dyspnea, angina, and increased blood pressure and pulse
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| Treatment of Polycythemia | phlebotomy, medications, and dietary changes
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| Malignancy in which the bone marrow produces increased numbers of immature white blood cells that cannot protect the body from infections | Leukemia
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| How many forms of leukemia? | Acute myelogenous (AML); Acute lymphocytic (ALL); Chronic myelogenous (CML); Chronic lymphocytic (CLL)
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| Symptoms of leukemia | fever, chills, fatigue, pallor, malaise, tachycardia, tachypnea, petechiae, bruising, epistaxis, melena, gingival bleeding, increased menstrual bleeding
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| What parts of the body are affected by leukemia? | WBC produced by bone marrow
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| What are common treatments for leukemia? | Chemotherapy, radiation, blood products, antibiotics, and bone marrow transplants
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| What is myeloma, cause, treatment and prognosis? | Cancer of the plasma cell. Malignant tumour of the bone marrow or composed of cells normally found in bone marrow. Caused by multiplication of plasma cells in the bone marrow and travel all over the body, at the same time inhibiting your body's production
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| What is the common cause of death for people diagnosed with leukemia? | Infection alone or in combination (75%), hemorrhage (24%) and failure (9%)
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| Reduced number of granulocytes | agranulocytosis
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| Syndrome of alternating clotting and hemorrhaging due to a primary disease process or condition | DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
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| Define clotting factors | A damage tissue triggers the formation of prothrombin activator, then Prothrombin activator and calcium convert prothrombin to thrombin, Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen and triggers formation of fibrin, which traps RBCs to form a clot.
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| What is the primary element of blood clot? | Fibrin
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| Rare bleeding disorder in which the blood doesn't clot normally | Hemophilia
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| What interventions are indicated for a client with hemophilia? | Replacement of deficient factors with recombinant factor products or plasma is the primary treatment. Avoid multiple injections, big needles, extreme care for surgery or dental work. Avoid certain drugs that can aggravate bleeding problems (Aspirin, Hepar
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| Who is at risk for hemophilia? | Male with family members with hemophilia, or family history of bleeding disorders.
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| How is hemophilia transmitted? | son a mother who has it
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| Why do clients with hemophilia often die in childhood? | The most common causes of death were bleeding in vital organs, especially the brain, and excessive bleeding after minor surgery or trauma. Those who survived were often crippled by the long-term effects of repeated hemorrhages into the joints
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| Decrease in the number of platelets in the blood | Thrombocytopenia
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| Symptoms of Thrombocytopenia | petechiae, ecchymoses, and bleeding from mucous membranes
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| Treatment of Thrombocytopenia | transfusions of platelets, spleenectomy, medications, and diet changes
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| Rare lymphoma usually arising as painless swelling in a lymph node | Hodgkin?s Lymphoma
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| Symptoms of HODGKIN?S LYMPHOMA | Painless enlarged lymph nodes in neck, groin, above clavicles, fatigue, pruritis, fever, night sweats, anemia.
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| What nursing interventions are important for clients with leukemia? | Avoid infection
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