Int Sci Community Ec
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| community | A group of populations living close enough together for potential interaction
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| species diversity | a measure that combines the number of species in a community with the relative abundances of those species.
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| interspecific interactions | Relationships between different species in the community
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| interspecific competition | Two different species compete for the same limited resource
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| niche | Sum of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources
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| Interspecific competition occurs when | the niches of two populations overlap
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| How does competition impact the carrying capacity of competing populations? | lowers it
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| mutualism | Interspecific relationship in which both species benefits from the relationship
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| predation | Interspecific relationship in which one species attacks and eats the other species
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| adaptation | a trait that helps an organism survive in its environment
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| herbivory | Interspecific relationship in which an animal consumes plant material (not usually fatal to plant)
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| herbivory leads to diverse _____ in plants | adaptations
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| A few defenses plants have against herbivory are | spines, thorns, toxins
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| coevolution | occurs when two or more different species evolve in response to each other
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| parasitism | Interspecific relationship in which one species obtains its nutrients from the body of another.
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| host | the organism that a parasite lives in or on
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| pathogen | disease causing parasite
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| invasive species | Non-native species that are introduced in new environments, spread far beyond the original point of introduction, and cause damage are called
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| Why are invasive species so destructive to a community? | They may outcompete native species thereby reducing their population and disrupting the balance in the community
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| trophic structure | A pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels
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| food chain | Sequence of food transfer up the trophic levels
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| producers | Support all other trophic levels by transforming the sun's energy into the chemical energy of organic molecules (sugar)
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| autotroph | "self feeder"; an organism that can transform the sun's energy into organic molecules (plants, algae, cyanobacteria)
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| heterotroph | "other feeder"; an organism that eats other organisms (animals, fungi, some protists & bacteria)
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| primary consumer | an organism that eats producers
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| secondary consumer | an organism that eats primary consumers
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| tertiary consumer | an organism that eats secondary consumers
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| quaternary consumer | an organism that eats tertiary consumers
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| detrivore / decomposer | an organism that gets its energy from eating dead matter and or wastes
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| food web | A network of interconnecting food chains
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| Only 10% of the energy in one tropic level is | passed to the next
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| If 10 % of the energy in one trophic level is passed to the next level, what happens to the other 90% of the energy? | it is used for cellular work and then released into the atmosphere as heat
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| If you wanted to conserve more energy in the ecosystem, what kind of food would you eat? | plants
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| keystone species | A species whose impact on its community is larger than its biomass or abundance indicates
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| disturbances | Events that damage biological communities
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| Communities ____ drastically following a severe disturbance | change
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| ecological succession | A succession of change gradually replaces other species as each species responds differently to the changing environment
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| primary succession | Begins in a virtually lifeless area with no soil
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| secondary succession | When a disturbance destroyed an existing community but left the soil intact
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| primary succession takes longer than secondary succession because ____ must first form | soil
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| ecosystem | All the organisms in a community as well as the abiotic environment
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| Energy flows ____ an ecosystem. | through
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| chemicals cycle ____ within an ecosystem. | within
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| producer productivity | The amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs
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| biomass | Amount of living organic material in an ecosystem
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| biome that has the highest producer productivity | algal beds and coral reefs
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| Ecosystems are supplied with a continual influx of energy from the ____ | sun
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| Life depends on energy from the sun & the ____ of chemicals | recycling
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| Organisms acquire chemicals as ____ and lose chemicals as ____ products | nutrients; waste
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| biogeochemical cycles | Cycle chemicals between organisms and the Earth
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| ____ is the major ingredient of all organic molecules | carbon
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| The return of CO2 to the atmosphere by ___ closely balances its removal by ____ | respiration; photosynthesis
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| The carbon cycle is affected by burning ___ and ____ ____. | wood; fossil fuels
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| Organisms require ____, among other molecules for nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP | phosphorus
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| The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of ____ | rock
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| Plants absorb phosphate ions in the ____ and build them into organic compounds | soil
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| The nitrogen cycle depends on ____ | bacteria
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| ____ is an essential component of proteins and nucleic acids | nitrogen
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| ___ ___ converts nitrogen gas in the atmosphere into ammonium and nitrates plants can absorb from the soil | nitrogen fixation
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| ____ on the roots of plants carry out nitrogen fixation | bacteria
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