Test 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Kinds of cells | Eukaryotes prokaryotes
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| DNA in Prokaryotes | DNA is not enclosed in nuclear membrane, one circular chromosome, not associated in with histones
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| Prokaryotic Cells | no membrane enclosed organelles
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| DNA Eukaryotes | DNA encolsed in nuclear membrane, multiple chromosomes, associated w/ histones and non histones
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| Eukaryotic cells | golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes
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| Prokaryotes | include bacteria and archaea
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| Species of Bacteria are Differeniated by | Morphology, chemocal composition, nutritional requirements, biochemical activities, source of energy
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| Basic Shapes | Bacillus, cocci, spiral,
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| Bacillus | Rod shape
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| Coccus | spherical
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| Spiral | Spirillum, Vibrio(comma shaped), spirochetes
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| Sarcinae | Coccus- remain in groups of 8
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| Streptococci | remain attached in chainlike pattern
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| Staphylococci | fomr grapelike structures
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| Spirochetes | helical and flexible
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| Unsual bacterial shapes | stella and haloarcula
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| Shape determination | heredity
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| Monomorphic | maintain a single shape
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| Pleomorphic | can have more than one gentically controlles shape
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| Pleomorphic bacteria | Rhizobium, corynebacterium
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| Prokaryotic cell layers | outer membrane, cell wall, capsule, plasma membrane, nucleoid region, ribosomes, pilus, flagellum
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| Glycocalyx | Sugar coat on surface of many cells, made inside and secreted outside
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| Capsule | organized and firmly attached glycocalyx
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| Slime layer | unorganized and loosly attached glycocalyx
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| Purpose of capsule | provides protection against phagocytosis, allow bacteria to attach to surfaces, source of nutrition, protects from dehydration
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| Flagella | Motility
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| Arrangements of flagella | monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous
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| Monotrichous | single polar flagellum
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| amphitrichous | tuft of flagella on both ends
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| lophotrichous | 2 or more flagella at one pole
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| peritrichous | flagella distributed all over cell
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| Parts of flagella | Filament, hook, basal body
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| Filament | long outermost part, constant diameter, composed of flagellin
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| flagellin | globular protein, arranged in intertwining chains, forming,helix, around hollow core
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| Hook | filament attached to it, wider, made of different protein
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| basal body | small central rod inserted into a series of rings
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| gram negative basal body | outer ring anchored to various portions of cells; inner ring attachedto plasma membrane
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| gram positive basal body | one pair of rings, only one paired attached to plasma membrane
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| Run | flagella movement is in one direction
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| tumbles | abrupt random changes in direction
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| taxis | movement torward or awayfrom a stimulus
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| Positive Taxis | movement torward an attractant
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| Negative Taxis | movement away from repellent
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| Axial Filament location | Found on spriochetes and also called endoflagella
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| Axial filament | made of bundles of fibrils beneath an outer sheath and spiral around cell
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| Fimbrae & Pili | found in gm neg bacteria, shorter and thinner than flagella
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| composition of fimbrae & Pili | made of protein called pilin
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| Fimbrae | enables a cell to adhere to surfaces, if not present no colonizationa
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| Pili | Sex Pili, 1 or 2 found on cells; join cells for transfer of DNA from one cell to another
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| the cell wall | point of anchorage for flagella
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| pseudomurein | archaea cell wall - modification of muramic acid
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| Peptidoglycan composed of | NAG and NAM which make carbohydrate backbone
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| rows are linked by | polypeptides that always include tetrapeptide side chains of 4 amino acids attached to NAM
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| Penicillin | interferes with final linking of peptidoglycan rowsby peptide crossing bridge
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| Gram positve cell wall | many layers of PTG, contain techoic acid(Lipo/Wall)
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| Lipotechoic | Linked to plasma membrane
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| wall techoic | linked to PTG
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| Gram Negative cell wall | one or few layers of peptidoglycans, no techoic acid
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| PTG | present in periplasm
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| Lipid A | endotoxin causes fever and shock
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| O Polysaccahride | is antigenic and ised for ID
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| lysozymes | target cell wall- cuts the bond btwn sugars
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| protoplasts | help rebuild cell wall
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| Osmotic lysis | Destruction of protoplast and spheroplasts
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| Passive process | substance moves from higher concentration to lower concentration w/o energy
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| Active process | substance moves from area of lower concentration to higher concentration w/ energy
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| hypotonic solution | cell with weak cell wall may burst
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| hypertonic | bacterial cells shrink and collapse
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| group translocation | only prokaryotes- special type of active transport
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| Group translocation energy | Phosphoenol Pyruvic Acid (PEP)
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| Plasmids | small circular double stranded DNA which are extra- chromosomal- carry genes for abx resistance.
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| 70S | prokaryotic ribosomes composed of 50S and 30S
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| 50S | large subunit attacked by erythromycin and cloramphenicol
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| 30S | smaller subunit attacked by mycin's
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Created by:
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