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Micro Ch.4
Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kinds of cells | Eukaryotes prokaryotes |
| DNA in Prokaryotes | DNA is not enclosed in nuclear membrane, one circular chromosome, not associated in with histones |
| Prokaryotic Cells | no membrane enclosed organelles |
| DNA Eukaryotes | DNA encolsed in nuclear membrane, multiple chromosomes, associated w/ histones and non histones |
| Eukaryotic cells | golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes |
| Prokaryotes | include bacteria and archaea |
| Species of Bacteria are Differeniated by | Morphology, chemocal composition, nutritional requirements, biochemical activities, source of energy |
| Basic Shapes | Bacillus, cocci, spiral, |
| Bacillus | Rod shape |
| Coccus | spherical |
| Spiral | Spirillum, Vibrio(comma shaped), spirochetes |
| Sarcinae | Coccus- remain in groups of 8 |
| Streptococci | remain attached in chainlike pattern |
| Staphylococci | fomr grapelike structures |
| Spirochetes | helical and flexible |
| Unsual bacterial shapes | stella and haloarcula |
| Shape determination | heredity |
| Monomorphic | maintain a single shape |
| Pleomorphic | can have more than one gentically controlles shape |
| Pleomorphic bacteria | Rhizobium, corynebacterium |
| Prokaryotic cell layers | outer membrane, cell wall, capsule, plasma membrane, nucleoid region, ribosomes, pilus, flagellum |
| Glycocalyx | Sugar coat on surface of many cells, made inside and secreted outside |
| Capsule | organized and firmly attached glycocalyx |
| Slime layer | unorganized and loosly attached glycocalyx |
| Purpose of capsule | provides protection against phagocytosis, allow bacteria to attach to surfaces, source of nutrition, protects from dehydration |
| Flagella | Motility |
| Arrangements of flagella | monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous |
| Monotrichous | single polar flagellum |
| amphitrichous | tuft of flagella on both ends |
| lophotrichous | 2 or more flagella at one pole |
| peritrichous | flagella distributed all over cell |
| Parts of flagella | Filament, hook, basal body |
| Filament | long outermost part, constant diameter, composed of flagellin |
| flagellin | globular protein, arranged in intertwining chains, forming,helix, around hollow core |
| Hook | filament attached to it, wider, made of different protein |
| basal body | small central rod inserted into a series of rings |
| gram negative basal body | outer ring anchored to various portions of cells; inner ring attachedto plasma membrane |
| gram positive basal body | one pair of rings, only one paired attached to plasma membrane |
| Run | flagella movement is in one direction |
| tumbles | abrupt random changes in direction |
| taxis | movement torward or awayfrom a stimulus |
| Positive Taxis | movement torward an attractant |
| Negative Taxis | movement away from repellent |
| Axial Filament location | Found on spriochetes and also called endoflagella |
| Axial filament | made of bundles of fibrils beneath an outer sheath and spiral around cell |
| Fimbrae & Pili | found in gm neg bacteria, shorter and thinner than flagella |
| composition of fimbrae & Pili | made of protein called pilin |
| Fimbrae | enables a cell to adhere to surfaces, if not present no colonizationa |
| Pili | Sex Pili, 1 or 2 found on cells; join cells for transfer of DNA from one cell to another |
| the cell wall | point of anchorage for flagella |
| pseudomurein | archaea cell wall - modification of muramic acid |
| Peptidoglycan composed of | NAG and NAM which make carbohydrate backbone |
| rows are linked by | polypeptides that always include tetrapeptide side chains of 4 amino acids attached to NAM |
| Penicillin | interferes with final linking of peptidoglycan rowsby peptide crossing bridge |
| Gram positve cell wall | many layers of PTG, contain techoic acid(Lipo/Wall) |
| Lipotechoic | Linked to plasma membrane |
| wall techoic | linked to PTG |
| Gram Negative cell wall | one or few layers of peptidoglycans, no techoic acid |
| PTG | present in periplasm |
| Lipid A | endotoxin causes fever and shock |
| O Polysaccahride | is antigenic and ised for ID |
| lysozymes | target cell wall- cuts the bond btwn sugars |
| protoplasts | help rebuild cell wall |
| Osmotic lysis | Destruction of protoplast and spheroplasts |
| Passive process | substance moves from higher concentration to lower concentration w/o energy |
| Active process | substance moves from area of lower concentration to higher concentration w/ energy |
| hypotonic solution | cell with weak cell wall may burst |
| hypertonic | bacterial cells shrink and collapse |
| group translocation | only prokaryotes- special type of active transport |
| Group translocation energy | Phosphoenol Pyruvic Acid (PEP) |
| Plasmids | small circular double stranded DNA which are extra- chromosomal- carry genes for abx resistance. |
| 70S | prokaryotic ribosomes composed of 50S and 30S |
| 50S | large subunit attacked by erythromycin and cloramphenicol |
| 30S | smaller subunit attacked by mycin's |
Created by:
nani012506
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