Study tools for Medical emergencies test
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| Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by? | Infestation organisms- Bacteria, viruses, fungi, Protozoan, worms
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| Which two are the #1 threats to prehospital personnel | Hep C and HIV
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| Describe Bacteria | Microscopic, single-celled organisms which are prokaryotes with no distinct nucleus. They also release Exotoxins and Endotoxins
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| Define endotoxins: | •Release upon the death of bacterial cell
•Cause generalized body aches Non-specific
•Ex: Septic shock
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| Define exotoxins: | •Release from living bacteria during infections
• Travel in bloodstream/lymph
•Cause specific/localized problems
•Ex: Tetanus
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| Viruses: | Smaller than bacteria
Require assistance of another organism for survival
Intracellular parasites Must invade cells Take over, change DNA, replicate,
produce more viruses
Most mild and self-limiting
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| Prions | Abnormally folded proteins that cause disease
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| Fungi | Responsible for minor skin infections
Affects those with impaired immune systems more frequently
Ex: Mycoses, Vaginitis, Athlete’s Foot
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| Protozoa | Single cells parasite
Flexible membranes with ability to move
Opportunistic
Enter by fecal-oral or mosquito bites
Ex: Forms of gastroenteritis and vaginal (trichomoniasis
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| Parasites | Range from small, unicellular organisms to large intestinal worms
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| Describe how an indirect transmission of a disease occurs | Occurs person to person through cough, sneeze, kiss, or sexual contact
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| What is the definition of hematology? | The study of blood and blood forming organs
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| Hematology disorders can expose the patient to what type of disorders | RBC disorders
WBC disorders
Platelet disorders
Coagulation disorders
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| The hematopoietic system is comprised of | Blood
Bone marrow
Liver
Spleen
Kidney
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| What are pluripotent stem cells? | Cells that have the ability to differentiate into the various blood cells Hematopoiesis
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| extramedullary hematopoiesis | fetal development hematopoiesis occurs outside the bone marrow.
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| What is erythropoietin? | A hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates production of RBCs
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| Where is erythropoietin made? | Peritubular capillary endothelial cells in the kidney and liver
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| What is hematocrit? | the fraction of the total volume of blood that consists of red blood cells
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| Albumin | Most abundant plasma protein Comprises approx. ½ of blood serum protein
Essential for maintaining osmotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments and body tissues
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| Globulins | transport other proteins and provide immunity to disease
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| Fibrinogen | Clotting protein produced in the liver, circulates in the blood in inactive states
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| The Bohr Effect | States that an increasing [H+] and/or [CO2] will reduce the oxygen affinity of Hb.
if the pH drops below 7.4 Decreased ability of Hb to bind O2
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| Factors that causes the oxyhemoglobin curve to shift to the right and to release O2 | Acidosis, >CO2, >Tempt. > 2-3DPG
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| What causes a left shift of the curve and O2 binding affinity to increase: | Alkalosis
temperature
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| What is the Haldane effect? | A property of Hb that states that deoxygenation of blood ability to carry CO2
Oxygenated blood has capacity for CO2
Enhances removal of CO2 from oxygen-consuming tissues and promotes dissociation of CO2 from Hb in the presence of O2 (in the lungs)
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| Why does O2 release readily from the Hb during exercise? | temperature Hb binding affinity to O2 O2 to peripheral tissues and end organs
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| erythropoiesis. | RBC production
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| What is the normal RBC count and Hb level in | Males: Hb= 12.0-15.0g/dL
Females: Hb= 10.5-14.0g/
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| What are marginated WBCs? | Attach more firmly to the vascular lining through adhesion May then leave blood vessel by diapedisis
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| What is meant by demargination? When does it occur? | Detachment of WBC from vascular lining during chemotaxis Movement to infection site
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| Leukopoiesis | is generation of WBCs.
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| neutrophils | Do not stain blue or red
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| What is neutropenia and how does it occur: | Presence of abnormally few neutrophils in the blood Increased susceptibility to infection
Indicates a problem in WBC production in the bone marrow or problem with increased destruction
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| What is an autoimmune disease | Disease caused by antibodies or lymphocytes produced against substances naturally present in the body
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| What is chemotaxis | Movement of a motile cell or organism in one direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing/decreasing concentration of a substance (chemical signal)
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| Fever is caused by | Chemical mediators
Macrophages
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| The extrinsic pathway is | Tissue damage causes platelet aggregation and formation of prothrombin activator
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| What are immunogens? | Antigens that can produce an immune response
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| What are histocompatibilty locus antigens (HLA)? | Antigens that the body recognizes as self or foreign
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| What is a hemolytic reaction to blood? | Occurs when a donor’s and recipient’s blood are not compatible
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| What can cause pruritis? | Hb spills into circulatory system due to RBC breakdown
Macrophages break down Hb
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| What is anemia? | Inadequate amounts of RBCs or inadequate Hb within the RBCs
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| The most common cause of iron deficiency anemia is | Blood loss from menstrual bleeding or intestinal bleeding.
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| What is hemolytic anemia | Anemia caused by destruction of RBSs
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| What is the lifespan of a sickle cell? | 10-20 days
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| What is polycythemia? | Abnormally high hematocrit due to excessive production of RBCs
Rare
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| What is leukemia? | Cancer of hematopoietic cells, Cells proliferate initially in bone marrow and spread to peripheral blood
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| Multiple Myeloma | is a malignant neoplasm of the bone marow
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| Thrombocytopenia | is a low platelet count.
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| Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) | occurs when antibodies attack and destroy the body's platelets for unknown reasons
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| Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) | a life-threatening disease that occurs when a small blood clots form suddenly throughout the body.
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| Pain sudden in onset | perforation of organs
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| Lying on side with legs flexed | peritoneal inflammation
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| walking aroun relieves the pain | obstructed gallbladder or kidney stones
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| localized tearing pain | rupture of an organ
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| dull, steady increasing pain | bowel obstruction
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| sharp flank pain | kidney stones
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| You auscultate the abdomen before you... | Palpate or percuss
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| Cullen's signs | discoloration over umbilicus
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| Turner's sign | discoloration over flanks
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| Mallory-Weiss Syndrome | Mucosal tear of distal esophagus at point of attachment of esophagus to stomach due to violent vomiting or alcohol binges
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| Esophageal varices | caused by portal hypertension which engorges veins in the esophagus
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| Cirrhosis | Most common cause of portal hypertension
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| Esophageal varices S/S | Painless bleeding, Hematemesis, Burnin or tearing sensation in chest, dysphagia
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| Acute gastroenteritis | Inflammation of stomach/intestines, hemorrhage and erosion of mucosal layers
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| Peptic Ulcers Disease | breakdown of gastric or duodenal mucosal defense caused by imbalance between production of acid or bacteria
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| Peptic Ucers Disease | Epigastric pain or tenderness, located midline, sudden onset
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| Duodenal ulcers | pain at night on an empty stomach
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| Gastric ulcers | Stomach only,no consistent patter, pain after a mean or full stomach
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| Diverticulosis | Most common cause of lower GI bleeding
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| Ulcerative Colitis | an inflammatory condition of large intestine characterized by ulceration of mucosa of the intestine
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| Crohn's Disease | a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that usually affects the ileum, the colon or both. It is autoimmune
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| Diverticulitis | Inflammation of diverticula secondary to infection due to obstruction by fecal matter
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| Hemorrhoids | Small masses of swollen veins that occur in the anus and rectum due to straining, constipation, etc.
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| Bowel obstruction | Complete or partial blockage of bowels due to hernias, volvulus, intussusception. Most common location is small intestines
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| Appendicitis | Inflammation of vermiform appendix due to obstruction of lumen by fecal matter
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| Cholecystitis | Inflammation of gallbladder
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| Murphy's Sign | Referred pain to right shoulder
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| Hepatitis | Injury to liver cells typically due to inflammation or infection
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| Cirrhosis | Chronic, irreversible, degenerative disease of liver
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| Prerenal Disease | Occurs before the kidney is reached and characterized by inadequate blood flow to kidneys
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| Intrarenal disease (intrinsic disease) | disease or damage within the kidney
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| Postrenal disease | disease tha block the system that collects urine
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