SSC1 Vocabulary
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show | A method of research consisting of a detailed, long-term investigation of a single social unit.
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show | A generalized idea about people, objects, or processes that are related to one another; an abstract way of classifying things that are similar.
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Cross-section | show 🗑
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show | An attitude of the scientific method in the social sciences, requiring that scientists not pass moral judgment on their findings.
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Experiment | show 🗑
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hypothesis | show 🗑
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longitudinal | show 🗑
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objectivity | show 🗑
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show | A method of research in which researchers try to take part in the lives of the members of the group under analysis, sometimes without revealing their purposes.
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show | In the social sciences, a statistical concept referring to the totality of phenomena under investigation (e.g., all college students enrolled in four-year private universities).
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show | An aspect of scientific methodology that bolsters and complements theories. In the social sciences, four fundamental formats are used: the sample survey, the case study, the experiment, and participant observation.
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show | A method of research consisting of an attempt to determine the occurrence of a particular act or opinion in a particular sample of people.
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theory | show 🗑
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show | Factors whose relationships researchers try to uncover; characteristics that differ (vary) in each individual case.
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show | A process that intervenes to ensure that organisms achieve an adjustment to their environment that is beneficial.
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show | A prehuman who lived from about 4.5 million to 1 million years ago.
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show | Carriers of genes, or the hereditary blueprints of organisms. Each human inherits a set of 23 chromosomes from each parent.
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show | The closest predecessors or perhaps contemporaries of modern humans, who lived about 35,000 years ago. They were expert toolmakers and artists, and they lived in tribes that displayed evidence of rules and kinship systems.
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show | Change in gene frequencies is promoted because an adaptation to a new environment is needed.
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show | Deoxyribonucleic acid. A complex biochemical substance that is the basic building block of life. It determines the inheritance of specific traits.
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show | Period of sexual receptivity and ability to conceive.
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evolution | show 🗑
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gene flow | show 🗑
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gene frequency | show 🗑
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gene pool | show 🗑
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show | Hereditary units that transmit an individual’s traits. They are contained in the chromosomes and made up of DNA.
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genetic drift | show 🗑
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genetics | show 🗑
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genotype | show 🗑
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show | Prehuman creatures who walked on two feet.
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show | The upright hominid thought to be a direct ancestor of modern humans.
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show | A species whose fossils date back 75,000 years (or perhaps 195,000 years) and includes Neanderthals. The species label for modern humans is Homo sapiens sapiens, whose fossils date back 30,000 years and include Cro-Magnon.
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show | A permanent change in genetic material.
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natural selection | show 🗑
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show | A subspecies of Homo sapiens (but some consider them hominids) whose fossil remains date from 70,000 to 35,000 years ago. They are known to have buried their dead.
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show | The physical, or outward, appearance of an organism.
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show | An order of mammals to which monkeys, apes, and humans belong.
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show | A hominoid having hominid-like features, dated between 14 and 8 million years ago.
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show | When natural selection promotes the status quo rather than change, because change would be detrimental to the organism’s adaptation to its environment.
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show | A group that possesses a value system and goals that are in direct opposition to those of the larger society.
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show | An attitude of judging each culture on its own terms and in the context of its own societal setting.
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cultural universals | show 🗑
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show | The way of life of people in a society.
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culture complex | show 🗑
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show | The smallest element or unit of culture. In material culture, it is any single object. In nonmaterial culture, it is any single idea, symbol, or belief.
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show | The attitude that one’s own culture is right and that cultural patterns different from it are wrong.
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show | Norms that direct behavior in everyday situations; customary and habitual ways of acting.
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show | A number of culture complexes clustering around a central human activity.
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show | Formal codes of behavior. Laws are binding on the whole society; they outline behavior that deviates from the norm and define prescriptions for punishing it.
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show | Norms that direct behavior considered either extremely harmful or extremely helpful to society. They define the
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show | A system of rules regulating human behavior.
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show | Behavioral standards that dictate conduct in both informal and formal situations; a set of behavioral expectations.
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sanctions | show 🗑
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signals | show 🗑
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social control | show 🗑
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show | A group that has distinctive features that set it apart from the culture of the larger society but still retains the general values of mainstream society.
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symbols | show 🗑
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taboos | show 🗑
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show | A position attained through individual effort or merit.
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aggregate | show 🗑
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ascribed status | show 🗑
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show | The hierarchical system of administration prevailing within a formal organization. The hierarchy depends on job specialization, a set of rules and standards to promote uniformity, and an attitude of impersonal impartiality.
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show | (referring to people) A number of people who have some characteristics in common but who do not interact with one another.
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show | A social process (form of interaction) that occurs when two or more individuals try to obtain possession of the same scarce object or intangible value using rules and limits.
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conflict | show 🗑
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show | A basic social process (interaction) involving two or more individuals or groups working jointly in a common enterprise for a shared goal.
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show | The smallest type of group, consisting of two members.
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exchange | show 🗑
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formal organizations | show 🗑
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show | A small, homogeneous, communal, and traditional society. Relationships among members are personal, informal, and face-to-face, and behavior is dictated by tradition.
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show | A large, heterogeneous society, typified by the modern industrial state. Relationships among members tend to be impersonal, formal, contractual, functional, and specialized. Also called an associational society.
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in-group | show 🗑
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organization | show 🗑
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out-group | show 🗑
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primary group | show 🗑
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reference group | show 🗑
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role | show 🗑
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secondary group | show 🗑
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social organization | show 🗑
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social processes | show 🗑
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social structure | show 🗑
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social system | show 🗑
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show | The largest social group. An interrelated network of social relationships that exists within the boundaries of the largest social system.
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show | A ranked position in a social group. Statuses are rated according to their importance in a social group.
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show | Communication through speech, gestures, writing, or even music.
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show | An extreme type of coercive organization that isolates individuals from the rest of society, providing an all-encompassing social environment in which special norms and distinctive physical features prevail.
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show | A group consisting of three individuals. A more stable social unit than a dyad.
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show | A school of thought in modern psychology whose chief exponent was Jean Piaget.
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show | A part of the personality that functions on a conscious level. It attempts to force the id to satisfy its instinctual needs in socially acceptable ways.
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generalized other (Mead) | show 🗑
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show | The representative of the libido in the personality, existing on an unconscious level and making up the primitive, irrational part of the personality.
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instincts | show 🗑
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show | The instinctual drive toward pleasure, which is the motivating energy behind human behavior.
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show | The process of personality formation in which an individual’s self-image emerges as a result of perceiving the observed attitudes of others.
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show | What many people in middle adulthood experience when they reflect on their personal and occupational roles and find them wanting.
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mind (Mead) | show 🗑
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personality | show 🗑
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show | A theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud. It assumes the existence of unconscious as well as conscious processes within each individual.
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show | The manner in which individuals attempt to gratify the force of the libido at different periods of physical maturation. The phases are oral, anal, phallic (or Oedipal), latent, and genital.
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resocialization | show 🗑
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self (Mead) | show 🗑
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show | Important people in an individual’s life whose roles are initially imitated.
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show | The learning process by which a biological organism learns to become a human being, acquires a personality with self and identity, and absorbs the culture of its society.
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show | A final element of personality, existing largely on an unconscious level and functioning to impose inhibition and morality on the id.
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symbolic interactionism | show 🗑
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show | An organization or a place of residence in which inmates live isolated from others and where their freedom is restricted in the attempt to resocialize them with new identities and behavior patterns.
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show | Durkheim’s term for a condition of normlessness. Merton used anomie to explain deviance, which he thought occurred when cultural goals cannot be achieved through legal institutional means.
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bipolar disorder | show 🗑
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show | Theory of deviance (Sutherland, Miller) based on the proposition that all human behavior, including deviant behavior, is learned through symbolic interaction, especially in primary groups.
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show | Norm-violating behavior beyond the society’s limits of tolerance.
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ectomorph | show 🗑
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electroconvulsive shock therapy | show 🗑
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endomorph | show 🗑
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index crimes | show 🗑
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show | A sociological theory of deviance that explains deviant behavior as a reaction to the group’s expectations of someone who has once been decreed as deviant.
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mesomorph | show 🗑
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neurosis | show 🗑
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paranoia | show 🗑
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personality disorders | show 🗑
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show | A serious mental disorder in which there is loss of contact with reality. Requires institutionalization when individuals become incapable of functioning in society. Psychoses include schizophrenia, paranoia, and bipolar disorder.
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show | Physical ailments developed as a result of emotional tension or anxiety.
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psychotherapy | show 🗑
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schizophrenia | show 🗑
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show | A person suffering from a personality disturbance in which antisocial behavior does not elicit remorse.
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authority | show 🗑
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show | A system in which class, status, and power are ascribed, mobility is highly restricted, and the social system is rigid.
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conflict theory of stratification | show 🗑
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estate system of stratification | show 🗑
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functionalist theory of stratification | show 🗑
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show | The opportunity of each individual to fulfill his or her potential as a human being. Life chances differ according to social class.
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show | A society in which the stratification system allows for social mobility and in which a person’s status is achieved rather than being ascribed on the basis of birth. Open systems are characteristic of industrial societies.
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show | A dimension of stratification consisting of the ability of one person or group to control the actions of others with or without the latter’s consent.
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social class | show 🗑
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show | An individual’s ability to change his or her social class membership by moving up (or down) the stratification system. Upward or downward mobility is vertical, whereas mobility that results in a change of status without a consequent change of class is hor
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social status | show 🗑
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show | A process existing in all but the simplest societies whereby members rank one another and themselves hierarchically with respect to the amount of desirables (wealth, prestige, power) they possess.
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show | The overlapping manner in which members of society are ranked according to classes, status groups, and hierarchies of power. Analyzed on a continuum from closed to open.
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show | Upward mobility caused by industrial and technological change that pushes skilled workers into higher-status occupations.
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show | A situation in which a minority is conscious of the norms and values of the majority, accepts and adapts to them, but chooses to retain its own, thus failing to participate in the host culture.
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acculturation | show 🗑
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show | The result of intermarriage between distinct racial, ethnic, and cultural groups, resulting in the erasure of differences between majority and minority groups.
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anglo-conformity | show 🗑
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show | A process in which a minority group is absorbed into, or becomes part of, the dominant group in a society.
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show | Negative behavior against a particular group—or individual members of that group—prompted by personal prejudice.
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show | An ideal condition in which the cultural distinctiveness of each ethnic, racial, and religious minority group would be maintained, while individual members would still owe allegiance to the society in general.
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show | Actions taken as a result of prejudicial feelings.
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show | A group’s distinctive social, rather than biological, traits.
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ethnic minority | show 🗑
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ethnocentrism | show 🗑
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show | A system of inequalities existing in a society apart from individual prejudice. Prejudice exists on a societal level; in effect, it is a norm of the society.
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show | The belief that it is possible and desirable to culturally and biologically fuse all the various racial and ethnic groups in society.
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minority group | show 🗑
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prejudice | show 🗑
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show | An arbitrary manner of subdividing the species Homo sapiens sapiens based on differences in the frequency with which some genes occur among populations.
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racial minority | show 🗑
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racism | show 🗑
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segregation | show 🗑
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activity theory | show 🗑
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show | An ideology that asserts the superiority of the young over the old. Used to justify discrimination against the elderly in political, economic, and social areas.
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show | The differences in physical structure and appearance between the two sexes. The most important anatomical difference lies in the distinct reproductive systems of males and females.
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cognitive development theory | show 🗑
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conflict theory | show 🗑
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show | A theory of aging that posits that the elderly withdraw from their former social and occupational roles so that these may be filled by the young. This should occur by mutual consent.
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show | In the study of the elderly, the theory that the disadvantaged position of the elderly in American society is due to their lack of the social and material resources that would make them valuable in interactions with the young.
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show | Emphasizes nurturing, emotion, and peacemaking.
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feminist theory | show 🗑
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gender roles | show 🗑
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show | Chemicals that are secreted into the bloodstream by glands located in the body, whose functions are to stimulate some chemical processes and inhibit others.
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instrumental role | show 🗑
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show | In the study of the elderly, a theory that focuses on the shared meanings that the elderly hold in common.
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show | Biological terms, descriptive of biological facts. They refer to a sex status, ascribed and not subject to change except in extraordinary circumstances.
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masculine and feminine | show 🗑
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modernization theory | show 🗑
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show | Include height, weight, distribution of body fat and hair, and musculature.
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sex chromosomes | show 🗑
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show | A theory based on the behaviorist notion that learning consists of observation, imitation, and reinforcement.
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show | One of the most dominant theories in sociology, which assumes that those elements are retained in a social system that aid in the survival of that system.
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show | A feeling of powerlessness and insecurity, of not belonging in society, producing boredom and meaninglessness. Alienation provides a fertile ground for social movements and is characteristic of people in mass society.
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censorship | show 🗑
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show | A social movement reflecting the discontent of people who believe that change is occurring too rapidly and want to stop it or reverse it.
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show | A revolutionary social movement in which one ruling class is replaced with another in the same society.
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collective behavior | show 🗑
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crowd | show 🗑
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show | Change in values, beliefs, and norms that may be brought about by scientific discoveries, technological inventions, new achievements in the arts, or shifts in religious doctrine.
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diffusion | show 🗑
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discovery | show 🗑
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fads and crazes | show 🗑
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show | A kind of collective behavior that represents a transient social pattern followed for a time by a large segment of people. Fashions affect the entire spectrum of social life.
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invention | show 🗑
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mass communication | show 🗑
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mass society | show 🗑
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modernization | show 🗑
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nationalistic revolutionary movement | show 🗑
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show | A deliberate attempt to persuade people to uncritically accept a particular belief or to make a certain choice.
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show | Persons in society who are geographically dispersed but who share a common interest, who express that interest, and who know that others are aware of their interest.
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show | An unsupported report of an event or a projected event. Important in bringing about manifestations of more active types of collective behavior.
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social change | show 🗑
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show | All the methods and devices that help humans manage and control their environment.
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show | A kind of transnational social movement that uses premeditated, politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets.
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show | A thin film of air, water, and soil surrounding the earth.
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show | The number of births per 1,000 persons in a specific population per year.
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death rate | show 🗑
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demography | show 🗑
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show | The study of the relationship between living organisms and their environments.
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show | A contained system of living and nonliving entities, and the manner in which they interact and maintain a balance that permits life to continue.
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fecundity | show 🗑
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fertility rate | show 🗑
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show | The rate that reflects the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births.
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show | Another term for the extended family. Also, the way parents are related to their children, that is, by blood ties.
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extended family | show 🗑
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incest taboo | show 🗑
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show | A pattern of behavior (culture complex) that has developed around a central human need. A blueprint for living in society.
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show | The most common form of marriage, consisting of the union of one man with one woman.
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show | A form of the family consisting of two spouses and their children living together as a unit.
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show | A form of marriage in which multiple spouses—either wives or husbands—cohabit as family units.
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animism | show 🗑
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church | show 🗑
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show | The least conventional and least institutionalized of religious organizations. It consists of groups of followers clustered around a leader whose teachings differ substantially from the doctrines of the church or denomination.
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show | A subdivision of the church that is considered equally as valid as the church.
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ecclesia | show 🗑
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education | show 🗑
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ethical religions | show 🗑
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latent functions | show 🗑
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show | A concept according to which there exists a supernatural force that can attach to any person, object, or event.
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manifest functions | show 🗑
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show | Belief in the existence of one God (Judaism, Christianity, Islam).
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show | A large university, consisting of a number of campuses dispersed around a state.
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show | Belief in the existence of many gods (Hinduism).
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profane | show 🗑
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show | Rituals established around critical times of growth and maturation: birth, puberty, marriage, and death.
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ritual | show 🗑
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sacred | show 🗑
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sect | show 🗑
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show | The research-supported idea that if teachers treat students as if they were bright and capable, students will perform up to the teachers’ expectations, and vice versa.
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tracking | show 🗑
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universal church | show 🗑
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show | A type of autocracy (see below) in which power is held by an absolute monarch, dictator, or small elite. Power is limited to the political sphere.
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show | An ideology directly opposed to democracy, in which government rests in the hands of one individual or group who holds supreme power over the people.
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show | According to Max Weber, a type of authority based on the leadership of a person with charisma. A charismatic leader is thought to possess special gifts of a magnetic, fascinating, and extraordinary nature.
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communism | show 🗑
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show | An ideology, philosophy, theory, and political system assuming the basic value of the individual, as well as his or her rationality, morality, equality, and possession of specific rights.
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democratic capitalism | show 🗑
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democratic socialism | show 🗑
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show | A totalitarian ideology of the right that became prominent in various nations beginning in Italy under Benito Mussolini.
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show | A pivotal institution arising out of the need to maintain order, control, organize, protect, and defend the people of a society.
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ideology | show 🗑
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show | According to Weber, a type of authority accepted by members of society because it is based on rational methods and laws and is exerted for their benefit.
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nation | show 🗑
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show | The ideology behind the nation-state. A set of beliefs about the superiority of one’s own nation and a defense of its interest above all others.
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show | The German version of fascism that flourished under the leadership of Adolf Hitler.
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politics | show 🗑
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show | A dimension of stratification consisting of the ability of one person or group to control the actions of others with or without the latter’s consent.
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show | A constitutional principle holding that those in public authority derive, maintain, and exercise their powers on the basis of specific laws, and not on the basis of their personal power.
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show | The abstract embodiment, or the symbol, of the political institution or government.
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totalitarianism | show 🗑
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traditional authority | show 🗑
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show | The method resulting from the principle of separation of powers in which each branch of government is directly and indirectly involved in the workings of the other branches.
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show | Powers shared by the central government and the state governments, according to the specifications of the Constitution of the United States.
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constitutional government | show 🗑
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show | A form of government in which power is distributed between the central and regional units, each retaining sovereignty in specified spheres.
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House Rules Committee | show 🗑
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implied powers | show 🗑
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show | The power exercised by the Supreme Court to invalidate presidential, congressional, and state legislative action that it deems contrary to the Constitution of the United States.
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show | Powers reserved for the states or the people according to the Constitution of the United States.
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seniority rule | show 🗑
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separation of powers | show 🗑
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democratic pluralism | show 🗑
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interest groups | show 🗑
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lobbying | show 🗑
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majoritarian model of democracy | show 🗑
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show | A general statement of party positions and policies.
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plural elites | show 🗑
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show | The totality of opinions expressed by members of a community on political issues.
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politics | show 🗑
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protest groups | show 🗑
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show | That which government does or does not do.
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show | A group composed of representatives of corporate, financial, military, and governmental interests who—according to some social scientists—make all the relevant decisions in the nation, regardless of the wishes of the population at large.
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show | All material objects made by humans. One of the factors of production.
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show | An economic system in which property belongs to private individuals; production is engaged in for a profit motive; and prices, wages, and profits are regulated by supply and demand, as well as competition.
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show | Labor, land, capital, entrepreneurship, time and technology, or the basic elements that are combined in the production of goods and services.
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show | Capitalism associated with a later stage of industrialism in which business organizations are characterized by (1) dominance of investment banks and insurance companies, (2) large aggregates of capital, (3) ownership separate from management, (4) appearan
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industrial capitalism | show 🗑
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show | A human resource. One of the factors of production.
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land | show 🗑
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monopoly | show 🗑
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show | Corporations that extend production to foreign nations at great profit to themselves (because labor is cheap and markets are expanded) but at the risk of being perceived as threats to the hosts.
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show | A condition of high industrial concentration in which a small number of corporations dominate an entire industry, effectively preventing price competition.
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show | The sacrifice involved in making an economic choice.
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show | The optimum amount of production that a society can attain. Each society faces a production-possibility frontier beyond which it cannot produce.
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show | Everything that is needed for the production of goods and services.
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budget surplus | show 🗑
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show | All public agencies, generally referred to as “the government.”
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show | Movement from product markets to resource markets and back again, which is interrupted by withdrawals and injections.
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show | Spending that occurs when the government’s expenditures are greater than its revenues.
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discount rate | show 🗑
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discretionary spending | show 🗑
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show | National income less taxes and plus welfare payments. What people really have to spend or to save.
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equilibrium | show 🗑
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factor or resource markets | show 🗑
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firms | show 🗑
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show | The use of public expenditures and taxation powers by the government to change the outcomes of the economy.
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full employment | show 🗑
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gross domestic product (GDP) | show 🗑
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gross national product (GNP) per capita | show 🗑
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show | All the people who live under one roof and who make financial decisions as a unit. Also called the consumer.
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show | An attempt to use wage and price controls to direct economic outcomes.
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show | A situation in which demand cannot be matched by an increase in supply, resulting in rising prices.
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marginal productivity | show 🗑
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show | The combined willingness of individuals and firms to buy a specific number of products at a specific price.
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show | The combined willingness of individuals or firms to supply specific resources or products at specific prices.
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show | The use of money and credit to control economic outcomes.
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show | Government spending that produces more income, results in higher consumption expenditures, and translates into a higher aggregate demand.
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show | A graphic illustration of the conflict between full employment and price stability: lower rates of unemployment are usually accompanied by higher rates of inflation.
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product markets | show 🗑
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public sector | show 🗑
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show | Ways of measuring the level of real benefits resulting from a specific level of output.
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show | Expenditures from previous years that are built into the annual federal budget.
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show | Decisions made by the government bureaucracy.
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show | A policy designed to deter others from attacking the United States because of the knowledge that the United States has the means to destroy any nation that attacks it.
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show | American foreign policy in the period following World War II, attempting to contain what were perceived as the imperialist goals of the Soviet Union.
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|
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crisis foreign policy | show 🗑
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détente | show 🗑
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diplomacy | show 🗑
|
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show | Goals intended to protect and promote national independence, national honor, national security, and national well-being.
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|
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general foreign policy | show 🗑
|
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show | Foreign policy in the guise of a warning to the European states to stay out of Latin America, which was considered to be in the American sphere of influence.
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|
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show | An economy in which the allocation for resources is determined only by their supply and the demand for them.
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|
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Primary Labor Market | show 🗑
|
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show | Economic position of individuals engaged in occupations that provide insecure jobs, poor benefits and conditions of work
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|
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show | A sociological theory that attempts to determine the functions, or uses, of the main ways in which a society is organized.
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|
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Profit Motive | show 🗑
|
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show | An all-human society, which exists on Earth from the beginnings of humanity in the form of many local societies and communities, national states etc.
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|
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show | The quality of having independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory.
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|
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show | Legally constituted organizations created by natural or legal people that operate independently from any form of government
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|
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show | A group of non-elected officials within a government or other institution that implements the rules, laws, ideas, and functions of their institution
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|
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Renewable Resource | show 🗑
|
||||
show | a natural resource which cannot be reproduced, grown, generated, or used on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate; once depleted there will be no more available for future use.
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|
||||
Tropical Rain Forest | show 🗑
|
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show | Mediterranean
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|
||||
Evergreen Needle-leaf Forest | show 🗑
|
||||
show | Semiarid
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|
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show | desert
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|
||||
Animal Husbandry | show 🗑
|
||||
show | an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies, with only enough government regulations sufficient to protect property rights against theft and aggression.
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|
||||
Equal Area Map | show 🗑
|
||||
show | refers to government attempts to run a budget in equilibrium or in surplus.
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|
||||
show | the process by which the monetary authority of a country control the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability.
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|
||||
Fiscal Policy | show 🗑
|
||||
show | Altai Mountains
🗑
|
||||
Carthaginian Empire | show 🗑
|
||||
Vikings | show 🗑
|
||||
show | Andes Mountains
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
chadhowell
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