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Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| carbon likes to form bonds with other | carbons to creat 8 in outer shell
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| water is critical to life | all orgs are 70-90% water.
water has unique props
props stem from structure of molecule
plants use water as a force for biochemical rxns
use its force to grow- to push cells out
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| water two important bonding structures | polar covalent bond around O
hydrogen bond-
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| hydrogen bond | slightly positive h of one water molecule is attracted to the O of another which is -
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| porps of water making life possible | good solvent
cohesion and adhesion
high surface tension
high heat capacity
high heat of vaporization
varing density
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| high heat capacity | many H bonds ling water molecules and allow water to absorb heat with out greatly changing its temp
-temp rises and falls slowly
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| high heat of vaporization | takes alot of E to break H bonds for evaporation
-heat is dispelled as water evaporates
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| freezing poiont depression | low freezing pt
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| water tends to stay at pretty ____distances from eachother | equal
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| vacuole in a plant | is a large space bc its packed with H20
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| plant | root, shoot, leaves
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| vegitative stage | growing stage of plants
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| reproductive stage | E used to make flowers
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| water potential | ability to do work
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| fork w= | fork solute + fork pressure
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| fork = | potential
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| fork water | always wants to be equal
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| !!!!! | water wants to go where forkS(solute) is negative
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| water potential used in plants | to drive substances up and down plant
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| alot of materials can stay in plant | vacuole
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| phloem | pressure driven flow
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| apoplastic loading | loading occurs at end of mesophyl cells, goes through cell wall (can go in btw cell) ( moves in cell walls)
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| symplastic cell | entire transport is through membrane, has to go through cell( moves within cell cytoplasm)
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| temperature doesnt affect | plants as much as humans
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| xylem | move water
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| pits | areas of cell wall alcking secondary wall but where primary wall is present
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| tracheary water transport | Movement of water btw adjacent tracheids occurs exclusively throuugh pits in cell wall,
water movement along vesssels occurs largely through unobstructed perforation plates in end walls
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| cavitation | introduction of air bubbles in water column blocking water transport
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| if too muc hwater | leaves allow dew through xylem tubes ( morning dew)
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| hairs and wax on leaves and stems | reduce water loss from the above-ground parts of plants
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| somata | permits gas exchange in stem and leaf but loses water
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| stomata | guard cells specialized in pairs that open for gas exchange and let out water vapor- open at night
-allow co2 in
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| water that excapes via stomata forms a layer which | allows more gas to come in and less h20 to go otu
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| one cell layer where stomata are | daf
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| stomata open/close | inflate when full of water ( turged) so open, when low h20 then shrivel up and close
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| open or close | depends on interactions btw hormones and ions
--AbA Abscizic Acid tells them when to close or open
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| ABA | abscizic Acid tells stomata to open or close, tells when plant is being eaten
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| stomatal appature | how big gap is depends on how much water you have, varies on time of day
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| stomata open in response to | blue light
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| stomata close in response to | ABA
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| Why plants need.... |
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| Calcium wpn | new leaves misshapen or stunted
existing leaves remain green
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| wpn Nitrogen | upper leaves light green
lower leaves yellow
bottom older leaves yellow and shrivelled
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| wpn zinc | chlorosis between veins
yellowing tips and margins
spreading grey-brown spots
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| phosphate | leaves darker than normal
loss of leaves
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| iron | young leaves are yellow/white with green veins
mature leaves are normal
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| potassium | yellowing tips at edges especially in young leaves
dead or yellow patches or spots develop on leaves
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| mangenese | yellow spots and or elongated holes between veins
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| magnesium | lower leaves turn yellow from edge inwards
veins remain green
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| macronutrients in plants | nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur, magnesium, potassium, calcium
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| nicronutrients | zinc, manganese, iron
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| magnesium | important up to 2% of weight of plant
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| plants pull ions from soil | via cotransporter
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| it is easy for plants to import | cations
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| it is difficult to import | anions
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| soil | breakdown of materials in earths crust
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| number of water in soil | is determined by size and shape of soil
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| soil organisms | excrete substances that are critical to keep soil associated w eachother makes a kind of glue
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| fungi | alot of soil fungi grows btw plant cells to get carbon and gives plant minerals in turn- symbiosis
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| fungi hyphi | hold soil together
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| roots excret____ and ____ to make shield to get minerals in plant | sugars and liquids
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| soil particles can be attracted to eachother bc of | static attractions
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| things that help hold soil together | and allows plant to take hold here
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| ellectrochemical gradients | assist in getting minerals in
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| unions | plants have alot of proton atpases
and -100 to -150 mV plant cells
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| tonoplasts | membrane around vacuole
+ membrane potential
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| nitrogen | plants can take up small and large quantities
usually receptors are very specific in molar range
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| casperian strips | alot of toxic chemicals can just chill there
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| types of soil | sand silt clay
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| sand | biggest form of broken dwn rock that can be part of soil, not alot of surface area, harder for plants to live in sand
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| silt | medium, stuff can grow -30-40 microns
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| clay | smallest, need to have enough clayed silt in sand to be livable
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| plants cant take in nitrogen easily | so nitrification and nitrocification
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| nitrificaiton | nitrites (NO2-) to Nitrates (NO3-)
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| nitrocification | Ammonium ( NH4-) to Nitrites ( NO2-)
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| Bacteria does | nitrification and nitrocificaiton
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| plants take up nitrogen mainly in form of | nitrates
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| nitrogenase complex | very complez strucutre that brings up nitrogen in a plant
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| Alot of plants take up metals bc they are incorporated into | infastructure of proteins
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| elements important in protens | Fe, S, N
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| ammonium | transporter for it and can be taken up and stored in vacuole and can be taken to plastid for conversion to glutamine,
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| AMT | transporter that takes up Ammonium (NH4-)
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| TIP | transporter that takes NH3 into vacuole for storage ( becomes NH4-) in vacuole again
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| Nitrate transporter | a symporter of 2 H and a nitrate NO3-
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| Proton Pump | actively pumps out H+ to keep down PH in cell bc of symport for nitrate
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| Nitrate Reductase | (NR) makes Nitrate Nitrite NO3- to NO2-
-in cytoplasm
-can go to vacuole for storage or plastid for use
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| Nitrite Reductase | in plastid
-(NiR)
-Makes Nitrite into NH4- (Ammonium)
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| GS-GOGAT | 2 enzymes cooperate, Glutamine Synthas and GOGAT,
-quickly change Ammonium to glutamine
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| glutamine | -huge currency, source molecule for many nitrogenous containing compounds in plant
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| glutamine can be made in cytosol too and stored in plastid |
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| symplastic transport | going into cells
-in soil nitrate not readily available-> plants depend on nutrients form bacteria
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| membrane depolarization bc of nitrate | 250mic micM to 10 mM, depolarizes from -206mV to -118mV
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| so many places where nitrogen processing occurs and many protiens involved |
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| atp required for alot of physporylation |
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| phosphoruss | one of most abundant things on earth, most of it useless to plants
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| key ways of getting phosphorus | one of key ways plants get phosphate is animals either secret it or die-or other plants
-mainly organic
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| inorganic phosphate | takes millions of years of sedimentation formation of phosphate rock for plants to be able to take it up
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| import of phosphate | against ecg
-one H has to bind and hten a phosphate group binds for conformational change for phosphate in
symport
PHT1 transporter
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| Fungi and Phosphate | fungi can take it in and incorporate it w other elements and secret it to root
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| Most transporters geared toward | phosphates
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| carboxylates | acids secreted by plants
-acidify soil particles- inorganic P is released and taken up by PHT1
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| why do we need phosphate | phospholipid bylayer, transpor proteins, etc
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| sulfur |
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