phase 2 test 4 'respiratory'
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| External Respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lung and environment
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| Internal Respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at cellular level
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| Upper Respiratory Tract | nose
pharynx
bronchial tree
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| Parts of Nose | conchae
paranasal sinuses
smell receptors
nasolacrimal ducts
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| Parts of Pharynx | nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
eustachian tubes
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| Parts of Bronchial Tree | left and right bronchus
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
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| Describe Lungs | large, paired spongy cone shaped organs
right lung has 3 lobes & left 2
oxygenated blood returns to heart via pulmonary veins
visceral pleura
parietal pleur
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| Gas exchange occurs via ______ | diffusion
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| Describe Visceral Pleura | thin, moist serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung
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| Parietal Pleura | thin, moist serous membrane that covers the thoracic cavity
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| Pleural Cavity | airtight vacuum that contains negative pressure that helps keep the lungs inflated
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| Describe Respiratory Movements and Ranges | rhythmic movements of chest walls, ribs, and muscles allow air to be inhaled and exhaled
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| Regulation of Respiration | nervous control-medulla oblongata and pons of the brain; chemoreceptors-in the carotid and aorta
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| Reasons to Perform Extensive Respiratory Assessment | chronic respiratory or cardiac conditions
history of respiratory impairment related to trauma
recent surgery or anesthesia
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| Chest Radiographs (Roentgenogram) | visualize lungs and major thoracic vessels
view alter. in size & locat. of pulmonary structures
ID lesions, infiltration, foreign bodies, or fluid
shows disorder involving parenchyma or interstitial spaces
pneumothorax, pneumonia, pleural effusion, ed
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| CT | scans lungs
requires pt teaching to decrease anxiety
can be viewed diagonal or cross-sectional
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| PFT | performed to assess large & small airways
obtain info. on lung volume, ventilation, pulmonary spirometry, gas exchange
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| Mediastinoscopy | surgical endoscopic procedure to obtain lymph nodes for biopsy for tumor diagnosis
performed under general anesthesia
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| Laryngoscopy | allows for direct or indirect visualization of larynx
requires local or general anesthesia
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| Bronchoscopy | examination of tracheobronchial tree for abnormalities, tissue biopsy, secretions for cytological or bacteriological studies
patient treated as surgical pt
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| Nursing Interventions for a Bronchoscopy | informed consent
NPO until gag reflex returns
places in semi-fowlers and turned to one side
monitored for S&S of laryngeal edema or spasms
monitor sputum for signs of hemorrhage if biopsy taken
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| Sputum Specimen | obtained for microscopic evaluation
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| Cytology Studies | performed on sputum or pleural fluid to detect the presence of abnormal or malignant cells
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| Thoracentesis | surgical perforation of the chest wall and pleural space with needle for aspiration of fluid
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| Nursing Interventions for Thoracentesis | explain procedure and obtain informed consent
performed at bedside, sitting upright, & leaning over a bedside table or on side with affected side up
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| Normal ABGs | pH 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 35-45 mmHg
PaO2 80-100 mmHg
HCO3 22-28 mEq/L
SaO2 >95%
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| Oxygenation | carried in bloodstream in 2 forms - dissolved in plasma (Pa02), combined with hemoglobin (SaO2)
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| Ventilation | respiratory component of acid-base balance
relationship between pH & PaCO2
HCO3 measure of metabolic component of acid-base
kidneys respond to alterations in pH
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| Pulse Oximetry Monitoring | noninvasive method for continuous monitoring of SaO2
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| SaO2 Needed to Adequately Replenish O2 in Plasma | 90-100%
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| SaO2 Below ____ Life Threatening | 70%
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| Adventitious | abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds
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| Atelectasis | collapse of lung tissues, preventing respiratory exchange of O2 & CO2
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| Bronchoscopes | used to examine larynx, trachea, bronchi
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| Coryza | acute inflammation of mucus membranes of the nose and accessory sinuses
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| Crackles | short, discrete, interrupted crackling or bubbling breath sounds heard on auscultation
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| Cyanosis | slightly bluish, gray, slatelike, or dark purple discolaration of skin
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| Dyspnea | shortness of breath, difficulty breathing
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| Embolism |
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