CH 11 personality notes
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| Personality: | show 🗑
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| show | Personality theories contending that behavior results from psychological factors that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness.
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| Psychodynamics: | show 🗑
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| show | Much of mental life is unconscious result, people may behave in ways that they don’t understand
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| show | Mental processes such as emotions, motivations, & thoughts operate in parallel, which may lead to conflicting feelings.
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| show | Early experiences strongly affect personality development.
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| step 4/5 of psychodynamics | show 🗑
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| step 5/5 of psychodynamics: | show 🗑
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| show | very influential psychodynamic theorist.
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| show | all ideas, thoughts, & feelings of which we are not & normally can’t be aware of.
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| show | Freud’s ideas from the basis of this. Which is his theory of personality &to the form of therapy that he invented.
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| show | •Some instincts are aggressive/destructive
•Hunger, thirst, & self-preservation are necessary to the survival of the individual
• Desire for pleasure, Freud believed is the most critical factor in the development of personality
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| ID: | show 🗑
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| show | . It’s collection of unconscious desires that continually seek expression. Only structure present at birth.
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| show | person forms a mental image of an object/situation that partly satisfies the instinct & relieves the uncomfortable feeling.
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| show | Tries to obtain immediate pleasure/&to avoid pain. As soon as an instinct arises, the ID tries to obtain it.
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| Ego: | show 🗑
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| more on the EGO: | show 🗑
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| show | The way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely & effectively in the real world. Ex: If I’m thirsty my ego will attempt to get something to quench my thirst effectively & safely.
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| show | “the angel”, moral watch dog, the social & parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscience & the ego ideal. It’s not present at birth, not till adulthood.
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| more on the SuperEgo: | show 🗑
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| EgoIdeal: | show 🗑
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| show | Self-deceptive techniques for reducing anxiety & guilt including denial, repression, protection, identification, regression, intellectualization, reaction, formation, displacement, & sublimation.
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| Defensive Coping: | show 🗑
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| show | Refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality, ex: parents won’t face the fact that their child is taking drugs, it can perpetuate the problem.
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| show | can cause conflicts (psychodynamic theory).
Dreams, day dreams, & fantasies (mental representations)
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| show | conscious, unconscious, pre conscious (muscle memory)
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| Repression: | show 🗑
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| Projection: | show 🗑
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| show | taking on characteristics of someone else to avoid feeling incompetent. (DM)For ex: father lives vicariously through his son, like when son get a doctorate, parents are very proud.
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| Stockholm Syndrome part of (Identifcation) | show 🗑
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| Regression: | show 🗑
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| Example of Regression: | show 🗑
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| show | Subtle form of denial. Thinking abstractly about stressful problems as a way of detaching oneself from them. Ex: instead of getting emotional about their dying father, mcnitts’ brother got stats on how sharks don’t get cancer. Defensive mechanism
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| show | : behavioral form of denial, constantly praising another when jealous
of exaggerated ideas & emotions that are the opposite of one’s repressed beliefs or feelings. It’s a way of unconsciously convincing oneself that one’s motives are pure. DM
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| show | : Shifting repressed motives & emotions from an original object to a substitute object. Ex: a woman who has always wanted to be a mother and knows she can’t have kids, will have a very strong attachment to a niece or pet.
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| show | , or kicking the dog after a hard day at work…in the end you know the dog will be there the next day.
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| Sublimation: | show 🗑
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| show | believed it was necessary, & desirable to sublimate sexual drives into more acceptable forms= energy given to other endeavors.
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| show | : According to Freud; the energy generated by the sexual instinct. First 18 months of life the dominant source of pleasure is the mouth, at 18 months it goes to the anus, age 3 shifts to the genitals.
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| Fixation: | show 🗑
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| show | oral, anal, & phallic stage
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| Oral stage: | show 🗑
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| show | •When teeth come in, pleasure = chewing & biting.
•Too much oral gratification= kids grew up gullible, optimistic, dependent adults,
•those who receive too little may turn in to pessimistic, sarcastic, argumentative, & hostile people later in life.
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| show | 1.5 -3.5 years, erotic feelings center on the anus/elimination.
• Parents who teach potty training to strictly kids throw temper tantrums & may live in self destruction when an adult.
• Parents who teach lazily, child becomes stingy and every orderly.
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| show | : 3-6, feelings center on the genitals, child becomes attached to parent of opp sex,
While becoming jealous of same sex parent.
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| Oedipus Complex: | show 🗑
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| Electra Complex: | show 🗑
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| show | both occur in the Phallic Stage
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| Fixation at Phallic Stage: | show 🗑
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| show | starts at age 5/6 lasts until age 12 or 13. Boys play w/boys, girls play w/girls. Neither sex takes much interest in the other.
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| show | Final stage of normal adult sexual dev., which is usually marked by mature sexuality. Happens at puberty. Sexual impulses are reawakened (conscious)
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| Carl Jung: | show 🗑
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| show | •He thought the libido or psychic energy represents all life forces not just the sexual ones.
• Freud & Jung emphasized the role of the unconscious in determining human behavior.
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| even more on Carl Jung: | show 🗑
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| Alfred Adler: | show 🗑
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| More on Alfred Adler: | show 🗑
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| even more on Alfred Adler: | show 🗑
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| show | •He is the father of humanistic psychology
•Compensation-persons effort to overcome imagined or real personal weaknesses
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| show | Adler possess innate positive motives & strives toward social perfection(superiority). He has control over personal behavior, Freud has little control. Freud is motivated by sex & aggression (negative, unconscious)
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| show | Karen Horney & Erick Erickson focused more on the influence of social interaction on personality. They put greater emphasis on the ego & its attempts to gain mastery over the world.
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| show | psychodynamic personality theorist, she thought that environmental & social facts are the most important influences in shaping personality
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| show | •& among these, the most pivotal are the human relationships we experience as children.
• ANXIETY is what she’s is known for,
• Basic anxiety is pivotal in shaping personality
•Environment & social factors must influence personality
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| show | •We feel happiness in a world we perceive as hostile; insecure
•We desire affection & security
•Protection from basic anxiety
* Affection & submissiveness; move toward others
•Aggressiveness; moving against others ; strive for power and prestige
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| Karen continued once more | show 🗑
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| show | Karen= culture & environment drive personality, Freud; biology
Security vs. Sex, Karen also believed people have control over their env. & their behavior.
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| Erick Erickson: | show 🗑
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| show | •He emphasized quality of parent-child relationship
• Must discipline in a way that leaves child feeling loved
• Must make child feel competent & valuable
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| show | trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. Guilt, industry vs. inferiority, ID vs Role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, Ego integrity vs. despair
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| Trust Vs. Mistrust(Ericksons )stage 1: | show 🗑
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| Autonomy vs. Shame(Erickson's) stage 2: | show 🗑
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| Initiative vs. Guilt (Erickson's) stage 3: | show 🗑
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| Industry vs. Inferiority(Erickson's) stage 4: | show 🗑
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| Identity vs. Role Confusion(Erickson's) stage5: | show 🗑
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| Intimacy vs. Isolation(Erickson's) stage 6: | show 🗑
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| Generativity vs. Stagnation( Erickson's )stage 7: | show 🗑
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| show | 65 +, older people realize they led a successful life causing a feeling of integrity. Other older adults look back and see regret and disappointment causing a feeling of despair.
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| Differences between Erickson & Freud: | show 🗑
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| show | A psychoanalysis psychiatrist
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| Henry Stack Sullivan believed in: | show 🗑
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| show | •Objective Relations Theory: people who develop abstract relations generally grow to be emotionally stable( the mom for ex)
• Maladaptive behavior later in life due to unsuccessful attachment to mother, have an abnormal self image
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| Personal Unconscious: | show 🗑
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| Collective Unconscious: | show 🗑
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| show | captures the most dimensions of human personality. With acronym OCEAN
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| show | fantasy, aesthetics, actions, ideas, values
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| Conscientiousness: the Big Five: | show 🗑
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| Extroversion: The Big Five: | show 🗑
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| Agreeableness: the Big Five: | show 🗑
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| show | anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability
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| show | : thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the CU. They appear as typical
typical mental images, Carl Jung.
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| show | By Jung, our “public self” the “mask” we put onto represent ourselves to others.
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| Anima: | show 🗑
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| show | person who usually focuses on social life, the external world instead of on his/her internal experience. Jung
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| show | Jung, person who focuses on his/her own thoughts & feelings.
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| Rational and Irrational Individuals: | show 🗑
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| show | *is rational/logical & decides on basis of facts.
*sensitive to his/her surroundings, acts tactfully, & has a balanced sense of values.
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| show | they rely primarily on surface perceptions & rarely uses imagination or deeper understanding.
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| show | sees beyond obvious solutions & facts to consider future possibilities
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| show | : the fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that results in emotional & social paralysis.
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| Style of life: | show 🗑
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| show | Any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people & their striving toward higher levels of functioning.
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| show | A humanistic theorist that men & women develop personalities in the service of positive goals.
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| Actualizing Tendency: | show 🗑
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| Self-Actualizing Tendency: | show 🗑
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| show | (Rogers), Self directed, person whose self concept closely resembles his/her inborn capacities/potential.
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| Unconditional Positive Regard: | show 🗑
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| Conditional Positive Regard: | show 🗑
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| show | Dimensions or characteristics on or in which people differ in distinctive ways.
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| Factor Analysis: | show 🗑
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| Cognitive-Social Learning Theories: | show 🗑
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| show | Albert Bandura, what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways.
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| show | (Bandura), standards that people develop to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in a variety of situations.
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| show | (Bandura), the expectancy that one’s’ efforts will be successful
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| Locus of Control: | show 🗑
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| show | People are convinced they can control their one fate.
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| External Locus of Control; | show 🗑
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| show | Personality tests that are administered & scored in a standard way.
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| show | An objective personality test created by Cattell, that provides scores on the 16 traits he identified
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| Neo-PI-R: | show 🗑
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI-2): | show 🗑
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| More on the MMPI-2 inventory: | show 🗑
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| show | Personality tests, such as Rorschach test, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material. Test can be very flexible, they can be treated as games/puzzles. Person taking the test doesn’t know purpose of test, so responses are less likely to be faked.
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| Rorschach Test: | show 🗑
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| show | ): A projective test, composed of ambiguous pics about which a person is asked to write a complete story. Developed by Hermann H.A. Murray. Consists of 20 cards picturing one or more human figures in deliberate ambiguous situations.
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