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CH 11 personality notes

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Personality:   show
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show Personality theories contending that behavior results from psychological factors that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness.  
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show study of psychic energy & how it’s transformed/expressed into behavior.  
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step 1/5 of psychodynamics   show
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show Mental processes such as emotions, motivations, & thoughts operate in parallel, which may lead to conflicting feelings.  
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show Early experiences strongly affect personality development.  
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step 4/5 of psychodynamics   show
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show 5.The development of personality involves learning to regulate sexual & aggressive feelings as well as becoming socially independent rather than dependent.  
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Sigmund Freud:   show
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Unconscious:   show
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psychoanalysis:   show
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3 types of unconscious instincts/drives:   show
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show : “The devil”, wish fulfillment, immediate gratification, works w/pleasure principle(PP), PP uses dreams/fantasies, reflexes such as coughing(relieves unpleasant situation at once) also satisfy the ID  
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show . It’s collection of unconscious desires that continually seek expression. Only structure present at birth.  
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show person forms a mental image of an object/situation that partly satisfies the instinct & relieves the uncomfortable feeling.  
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show Tries to obtain immediate pleasure/&to avoid pain. As soon as an instinct arises, the ID tries to obtain it.  
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show “My head” develops from the ID, self, reality principle, it mediates between environmental demands (reality), conscience (super ego), & instinctual needs (ID)  
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show often used as a synonym for “self” It operates partly preconsciously, partly unconsciously, & consciously. “Preconscious” material not currently in awareness, but can easily be recalled. Ego operates on Reality Principle.  
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Reality Principle:   show
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show “the angel”, moral watch dog, the social & parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscience & the ego ideal. It’s not present at birth, not till adulthood.  
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more on the SuperEgo:   show
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show Part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be.  
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Defense Mechanism:   show
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Defensive Coping:   show
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show Refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality, ex: parents won’t face the fact that their child is taking drugs, it can perpetuate the problem.  
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show can cause conflicts (psychodynamic theory). Dreams, day dreams, & fantasies (mental representations)  
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3 levels of the mind:   show
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show Excluding uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, & desires from consciousness. Denial & repression are the most basic defense mechanisms.  
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Projection:   show
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show taking on characteristics of someone else to avoid feeling incompetent. (DM)For ex: father lives vicariously through his son, like when son get a doctorate, parents are very proud.  
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show victims sometimes seek to please their captors & may identify w/them as a way of defensively coping w/unbearable & inescapable stress.Defensive Mechanism  
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show reverting back to childlike behavior & defenses. Ex: adults may cry or throw temper tantrums when their arguments fail & expect those around them to react sympathetically as their parents did when they were children.  
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Example of Regression:   show
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Intellectualization:   show
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show : behavioral form of denial, constantly praising another when jealous of exaggerated ideas & emotions that are the opposite of one’s repressed beliefs or feelings. It’s a way of unconsciously convincing oneself that one’s motives are pure. DM  
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show : Shifting repressed motives & emotions from an original object to a substitute object. Ex: a woman who has always wanted to be a mother and knows she can’t have kids, will have a very strong attachment to a niece or pet.  
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More on Displacement:   show
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Sublimation:   show
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Freud on Sublimation:   show
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Libido:   show
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Fixation:   show
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show oral, anal, & phallic stage  
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show birth to 18 months, infants depend completely or other people to satisfy their needs, experience pleasure by sucking & swallowing.  
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More on the Oral Stage:   show
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show 1.5 -3.5 years, erotic feelings center on the anus/elimination. • Parents who teach potty training to strictly kids throw temper tantrums & may live in self destruction when an adult. • Parents who teach lazily, child becomes stingy and every orderly.  
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Phallic Stage:   show
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Oedipus Complex:   show
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show For a girl, it Involves possessive love for their father/jealousy toward their mom, and vice versa.  
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show both occur in the Phallic Stage  
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show : Leads to men boasting of their sexual prowess/ treating women w/contempt & woman becoming flirtatious & promiscuous. It may prompt feelings of low self-esteem, shyness, & worthlessness.  
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Latency Period:   show
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show Final stage of normal adult sexual dev., which is usually marked by mature sexuality. Happens at puberty. Sexual impulses are reawakened (conscious)  
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Carl Jung:   show
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show •He thought the libido or psychic energy represents all life forces not just the sexual ones. • Freud & Jung emphasized the role of the unconscious in determining human behavior.  
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even more on Carl Jung:   show
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Alfred Adler:   show
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More on Alfred Adler:   show
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show •He disagreed w/Freud’s concept of the conflict between selfish ID & the morality based SuperEgo. • He thought people posses innate positive motives & strive for personal & social perfection.  
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CONT info on Alfred Adler:   show
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Differences of Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud:   show
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show Karen Horney & Erick Erickson focused more on the influence of social interaction on personality. They put greater emphasis on the ego & its attempts to gain mastery over the world.  
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show psychodynamic personality theorist, she thought that environmental & social facts are the most important influences in shaping personality  
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Karen CONT:   show
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show •We feel happiness in a world we perceive as hostile; insecure •We desire affection & security •Protection from basic anxiety * Affection & submissiveness; move toward others •Aggressiveness; moving against others ; strive for power and prestige  
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Karen continued once more   show
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show Karen= culture & environment drive personality, Freud; biology Security vs. Sex, Karen also believed people have control over their env. & their behavior.  
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Erick Erickson:   show
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Erick Erickson CONT:   show
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show trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. Guilt, industry vs. inferiority, ID vs Role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, Ego integrity vs. despair  
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Trust Vs. Mistrust(Ericksons )stage 1:   show
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Autonomy vs. Shame(Erickson's) stage 2:   show
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Initiative vs. Guilt (Erickson's) stage 3:   show
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Industry vs. Inferiority(Erickson's) stage 4:   show
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Identity vs. Role Confusion(Erickson's) stage5:   show
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Intimacy vs. Isolation(Erickson's) stage 6:   show
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show 35-65, Adult now “guides” the next generation(Generativity), Stagnation adult is disappointed w/amount of productivity they’re producing  
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show 65 +, older people realize they led a successful life causing a feeling of integrity. Other older adults look back and see regret and disappointment causing a feeling of despair.  
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show quality of relationships(Erickson) not sexual aspects( Freud) Erickson believed the Ego is source of energy, not the ID(Freud) and control over behavior(Erickson)  
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show A psychoanalysis psychiatrist  
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show in interpersonal relationships •Key to personality • Personality develops entirely within social contex (social psychology)  
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Henry Stack Sullivan also believed in:   show
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show : In Carl Jung’s theory of personality, one of the two levels of the unconscious, it contains the individuals repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, & undeveloped ideas.  
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Collective Unconscious:   show
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The Big Five AKA the Five-Factor Model:   show
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Openness: the Big Five:   show
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Conscientiousness: the Big Five:   show
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show warmth, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions  
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show trust, straightforwardness, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness  
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show anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability  
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show : thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the CU. They appear as typical typical mental images, Carl Jung.  
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show By Jung, our “public self” the “mask” we put onto represent ourselves to others.  
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show Female archetype: as it’s expressed in the male personality. Jung  
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Extrovert   show
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Introvert:   show
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Rational and Irrational Individuals:   show
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Thinking & Feeling Persons:   show
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show they rely primarily on surface perceptions & rarely uses imagination or deeper understanding.  
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Intuitive Type:   show
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show : the fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that results in emotional & social paralysis.  
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Style of life:   show
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show Any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people & their striving toward higher levels of functioning.  
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Carl Rogers:   show
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show the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential & become what it’s inherently capable of becoming(Rogers)  
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show (Rogers), The drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts or the images they have of themselves.  
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show (Rogers), Self directed, person whose self concept closely resembles his/her inborn capacities/potential.  
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Unconditional Positive Regard:   show
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show : (Rogers), Acceptance & love that are dependent on behaving in certain ways & fulfilling certain conditions  
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Personality Traits:   show
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Factor Analysis:   show
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Cognitive-Social Learning Theories:   show
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show Albert Bandura, what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways.  
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show (Bandura), standards that people develop to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in a variety of situations.  
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show (Bandura), the expectancy that one’s’ efforts will be successful  
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show : (Julian Rotter), an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control.  
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Internal Locus of Control:   show
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show They don’t control their own fate.  
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show Personality tests that are administered & scored in a standard way.  
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show An objective personality test created by Cattell, that provides scores on the 16 traits he identified  
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show An objective personality test designed to asses the Big 5 personality traits. Consists of 240 questions, each answered on a 5 point scale. Each question, the person indicates to what degree he/she disagrees with the statement made.  
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI-2):   show
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show •Adult form, has 704 items •Adolescent form has 654 items. There are 3 types of answers: true, false, & cannot say. If person says cannot say too much makes the test invalid.  
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show Personality tests, such as Rorschach test, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material. Test can be very flexible, they can be treated as games/puzzles. Person taking the test doesn’t know purpose of test, so responses are less likely to be faked.  
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show Most frequently used projective inkblot personality test, named after Herman Rorschach, Swiss psychiatrist. In 1921 he published the results of his research on interpreting inkblots as a key to personality.  
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Thematic Apperception Test(TAT):   show
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