Microbiology
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| Active transport | many protein transporters exist in the membrane to bring desired chemials into cell by a pumping mechanism, runs on the cell's energy resources.
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| Basal body | 2-4 rings mounted on a rod that secure the flagellum to the cell envelope--cylindrical-shaped--rotates in the cell envelope like a rotary motor.
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| Bacillus | rod-shaped cell
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| Capsule | cell covering--fimbriae/pili & flagella protruded--covers whole cell--2 functions-slippery so that wbcs can't capture-hard for antibodies to bind--hiding bacterium from immune system--glycocalyx/sugar coat
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| Cell envelope | made of cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall--all the covering layers of a bacterium
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| Cell wall | confers rigidity and shape to the bacteria
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| Chemotaxis | moving in a chemical gradient--when the bacterium is moving toward or away from chemicals
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| Coccus | spherical cell
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| Colony | streak plate made by picking up a loopful or bacteria/fungi on wire--rubbed bbanck and forth across culture media--incubated 16-24 hrs--microbes grow into visible clump of cells
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| Cytoplasm | content within the cytoplasmic membrane--contains all degradative/synthetic machinery to allow the cell to grow and produce a new copy of itself--DNA is expressed into RNA and proteins in cytoplasm--DNA is fre-floating due to bacteria have no nucleus
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| Cytoplasmic membrane | a boundary/structure that defines inside and outside--all living cells have one--also called cell/plasma membrane--controls what comes into and leaves the cell--semipermeable barrier--
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| Endospores | (spores)--grow in the cell--most stable form of life known--wrapped in multiple layers of peptidoglycan and protein--contain little H2O--protected from heat, drying freezing and general harsh conditions
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| Endotoxin | (lipid A)--proximal end of LPS--buried in the outer half of outer membrane on gram- bacteria and anchors it to the cell--potent inducer of inflammatory reactions
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| Filament | major part of flagellum--contains long, helical structures made of the polymerized protein flagellin--corkscrew shape and several times longer than the entire bacterial cell
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| Fimbriae | hairlike appendages on external surface of bactgeria--usually seen in 100s per cell--holdfasts--attach to host cells--
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| Flagella | (blank)
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| Flagellin | polymerized protein --part of the filament
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| Glycocalyx | (sugar coat/capsule)--covering of the cell--usually a polysaccharide--covers the whole cell-- 2 functions--makes cell slippery so wbcs cant capture it--hard for antibodies to bind to it--
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| Gram's stain | 1-stain with crystal violet--2-fix crystal violet with Gram's iodine so it aggregates--3- wash aggregates from porous gram-neg. bacteria with acetone-alcohol--4-counterstain with safranin so gram-neg. cells are readily visible
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| Gram-negative | bacteria with 3-layered cell walls
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| Gram-positive | Bacteria with 2-layered cell walls
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| Granules | (inclusions)--in cytoplasm--provide an energy source--polysaccharides or polyphosphates--available when the cell has a special energy need
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| Hook | flexible piece at the proximal end of filament near the cell--bends to function as a universal joint--attached to a basal body
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| Lipid A | proximal end of gram -neg--buried in the outer half of the outer membrain and anchors it to the cell--also called endotoxin--potent inducer of inflammatory responses.
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| Lipopolysaccharide | (LPS)--capsule, fimbria, flagella will vary in chemical makeup from 1 bacteria to the next--may have all or combo or none of these--variations are a reason for great # of different strains observed in bacterial species
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| Lysis | occurs spontaneously if cell is damaged--internal osmotic pressure of most bacteria is high--several x's that of eukaryotic cells--bacteria with damaged cell walls will explode
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| Organelles | membrane-bound sacks that are smaller than a cell
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| Peptidoglycan | (PG)--makes up the protective cell wall of the cytoplasmic embrane--rigid--polysaccharide caled glycan is cross-linked to other polysaccharide molecules by short peptide cross-bridges--fishnet-like structure--gives cell shape, strength and prevents lysis
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| Pili | hairlike appendages on external surface independent of flagella--associated with the specific, larger structure used in gene transfer (sex pilus)--rigid and long--1/10 the length of flagellum
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| Plasmids | small pieces of DNA carried by bacteria--normally have only a few genes--carry genes for highly specialized functions--may code for resistance to some commonly used ABTs
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| Proteinaceous flagella | organelle of motility
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| Random-based walk | bacteria try different directions randomly and only go a significant distance when they like what is happening--important to the organisms' survival--competitive edge over nonmotile species
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| Ribosomes | enzymes that perform translation--vary between bacteria and eukaryotes--
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| Sex pilus | larger structure uses in gene transfer--hairlike appendages on external surface of bacteria--cell contians only 1-2--rigid and long
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| Spirochete | helical cell
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| Spores | (endospores)--grow inside cell--most stable form of life known--structure not completely understood--wrapped in multiple layers of peptidoglycan and protein--contain little water--thick structure--pprotected from heat, drying, freezing & hrsh lvng cond.
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| Vibrio | short spirochetes, contain less than a full helical turn--comma shaped
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| Mono | single cell
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| Diplo | 2 linked cells
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| Tetra | 4 linked cells in a square formation
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| Strepto | chains of cells
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| Staphlo | clusters of cells organized like a cluster of grapes
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