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Chapter 5 vocabulary
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active transport | many protein transporters exist in the membrane to bring desired chemials into cell by a pumping mechanism, runs on the cell's energy resources. |
| Basal body | 2-4 rings mounted on a rod that secure the flagellum to the cell envelope--cylindrical-shaped--rotates in the cell envelope like a rotary motor. |
| Bacillus | rod-shaped cell |
| Capsule | cell covering--fimbriae/pili & flagella protruded--covers whole cell--2 functions-slippery so that wbcs can't capture-hard for antibodies to bind--hiding bacterium from immune system--glycocalyx/sugar coat |
| Cell envelope | made of cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall--all the covering layers of a bacterium |
| Cell wall | confers rigidity and shape to the bacteria |
| Chemotaxis | moving in a chemical gradient--when the bacterium is moving toward or away from chemicals |
| Coccus | spherical cell |
| Colony | streak plate made by picking up a loopful or bacteria/fungi on wire--rubbed bbanck and forth across culture media--incubated 16-24 hrs--microbes grow into visible clump of cells |
| Cytoplasm | content within the cytoplasmic membrane--contains all degradative/synthetic machinery to allow the cell to grow and produce a new copy of itself--DNA is expressed into RNA and proteins in cytoplasm--DNA is fre-floating due to bacteria have no nucleus |
| Cytoplasmic membrane | a boundary/structure that defines inside and outside--all living cells have one--also called cell/plasma membrane--controls what comes into and leaves the cell--semipermeable barrier-- |
| Endospores | (spores)--grow in the cell--most stable form of life known--wrapped in multiple layers of peptidoglycan and protein--contain little H2O--protected from heat, drying freezing and general harsh conditions |
| Endotoxin | (lipid A)--proximal end of LPS--buried in the outer half of outer membrane on gram- bacteria and anchors it to the cell--potent inducer of inflammatory reactions |
| Filament | major part of flagellum--contains long, helical structures made of the polymerized protein flagellin--corkscrew shape and several times longer than the entire bacterial cell |
| Fimbriae | hairlike appendages on external surface of bactgeria--usually seen in 100s per cell--holdfasts--attach to host cells-- |
| Flagella | (blank) |
| Flagellin | polymerized protein --part of the filament |
| Glycocalyx | (sugar coat/capsule)--covering of the cell--usually a polysaccharide--covers the whole cell-- 2 functions--makes cell slippery so wbcs cant capture it--hard for antibodies to bind to it-- |
| Gram's stain | 1-stain with crystal violet--2-fix crystal violet with Gram's iodine so it aggregates--3- wash aggregates from porous gram-neg. bacteria with acetone-alcohol--4-counterstain with safranin so gram-neg. cells are readily visible |
| Gram-negative | bacteria with 3-layered cell walls |
| Gram-positive | Bacteria with 2-layered cell walls |
| Granules | (inclusions)--in cytoplasm--provide an energy source--polysaccharides or polyphosphates--available when the cell has a special energy need |
| Hook | flexible piece at the proximal end of filament near the cell--bends to function as a universal joint--attached to a basal body |
| Lipid A | proximal end of gram -neg--buried in the outer half of the outer membrain and anchors it to the cell--also called endotoxin--potent inducer of inflammatory responses. |
| Lipopolysaccharide | (LPS)--capsule, fimbria, flagella will vary in chemical makeup from 1 bacteria to the next--may have all or combo or none of these--variations are a reason for great # of different strains observed in bacterial species |
| Lysis | occurs spontaneously if cell is damaged--internal osmotic pressure of most bacteria is high--several x's that of eukaryotic cells--bacteria with damaged cell walls will explode |
| Organelles | membrane-bound sacks that are smaller than a cell |
| Peptidoglycan | (PG)--makes up the protective cell wall of the cytoplasmic embrane--rigid--polysaccharide caled glycan is cross-linked to other polysaccharide molecules by short peptide cross-bridges--fishnet-like structure--gives cell shape, strength and prevents lysis |
| Pili | hairlike appendages on external surface independent of flagella--associated with the specific, larger structure used in gene transfer (sex pilus)--rigid and long--1/10 the length of flagellum |
| Plasmids | small pieces of DNA carried by bacteria--normally have only a few genes--carry genes for highly specialized functions--may code for resistance to some commonly used ABTs |
| Proteinaceous flagella | organelle of motility |
| Random-based walk | bacteria try different directions randomly and only go a significant distance when they like what is happening--important to the organisms' survival--competitive edge over nonmotile species |
| Ribosomes | enzymes that perform translation--vary between bacteria and eukaryotes-- |
| Sex pilus | larger structure uses in gene transfer--hairlike appendages on external surface of bacteria--cell contians only 1-2--rigid and long |
| Spirochete | helical cell |
| Spores | (endospores)--grow inside cell--most stable form of life known--structure not completely understood--wrapped in multiple layers of peptidoglycan and protein--contain little water--thick structure--pprotected from heat, drying, freezing & hrsh lvng cond. |
| Vibrio | short spirochetes, contain less than a full helical turn--comma shaped |
| Mono | single cell |
| Diplo | 2 linked cells |
| Tetra | 4 linked cells in a square formation |
| Strepto | chains of cells |
| Staphlo | clusters of cells organized like a cluster of grapes |
Created by:
heatherlvn
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