Infectious Dx
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| Sterilization | destroys all forms of microbial life
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| high level disinfectant | destroys all forms of microbial lie except high numbers of bacterial spores-hot water press
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| Intermediate disinfectant | destroys mycobacterium tuberculosis, most viruses,vegatative bacteria n fungi but not bacterial spores
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| Low level disinfection | destroys most bacteria and some fungi
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| Environmental disinfection | cleans soil surfaces in the enviornment, floors,countertops
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| complement system | group proteins that coat bacteria and help to kill them directly
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| Reticuloendothelial system | works with the lymphatic system to dispose of debris that results from the immune system attack on invading organisms
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| Virulence | degree of pathogenicity
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| Asymptomatic carrier | a person who can pass the pathogen to others without showing sign of illness
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| Portal of exit | the method by which a pathogenetic agent leaves one host to invade another
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| Direct transmission | the physical contact between the source and the victim
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| Indirect transmission | organsim survives on animate or inanimate object for a time without human host
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| Portal of entry | means by which the pathogenic agent enters a new host
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| Bacteria | can self reproduce ,
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| Low level disinfection | destroys most bacteria and some fungi
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| Environmental disinfection | cleans soil surfaces in the enviornment, floors,countertops
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| complement system | group proteins that coat bacteria and help to kill them directly
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| Reticuloendothelial system | works with the lymphatic system to dispose of debris that results from the immune system attack on invading organisms
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| Virulence | degree of pathogenicity
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| Asymptomatic carrier | a person who can pass the pathogen to others without showing sign of illness
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| Portal of exit | the method by which a pathogenetic agent leaves one host to invade another
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| Direct transmission | the physical contact between the source and the victim
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| Indirect transmission | organsim survives on animate or inanimate object for a time without human host
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| Portal of entry | means by which the pathogenic agent enters a new host
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| Bacteria | can self reproduce , produce toxins more toxic that the bacterium itself
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| Viruses | living organisms without a nucleus, must invade host cells to reproduce
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| protozoa | single celled microorganisms, more complex than bacteria
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| MRSA | AKA staph, most common cause of skin infections, resistant to pennicillan,
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| C-diff (clostridium difficile) | bacterium that is present in small numbers in the intestines, can be spread through fecal oral route
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| Latenet period | begins when the pathogen invades the body, infectious agent cannot be passed or shed to someone else
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| Latent infection | inactove infection that can still be shed and produce symptoms
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| Latent disease | periods of inacticity either before s/s appear or between attacks
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| Incubation period | interval between exposure, no pathogen and the first onset of symptoms
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| Communicability period | follows the latent period, lasts as long as the agent is present and can spread to other hosts
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| Disease perios | follows the incubation period, may or may not produce symptoms
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| HIV | present in blood and serum, results from one or 2 retroviruses that convert genetic RNA to DNAafter entering host cell.two types HIV1 and HIV2,
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| CD4 T cell | the cell receptor sought by HIV, allows virus to enter and infect and damage other cells
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| CATEGORY A-Acute retroviral infection | occurs 2-4 wks after exposure.lasts 1-2 weeks, transient decrease in CD4-T cell count
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| Seroconversion | occurs 6-12 weeks, CD4 T-cell count returns to normal
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| Asymptomatic infection | enlarged lymph nodes, decline in CD4 count
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| CATEGORY B-Early symptomatic HIV | CD4 count 100-300, thrush, esophagitis, vaginitits, oral lesions, shingles PID, neuropathy, fever diarrhea longer than 1 month
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| CATEGORY C-Late symptomatic HIV | CD4 cell count 0-200, oppurtunistic infections start
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| Advanced HIV | CD4 count 0-50, limited life expectancy
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| Post exposure prophylaxis | within 2 hrs of exposure- NRTI's,protease inhibitors PI's
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| HAV-Hepatitis A | -most common type,acquired bin ingestion, and oral fecal route,only type that does not lead to chronic liver disease, IgG provides temp immunity
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| HBV-Hepatitis B | found in blood and in secretions containing serum,,may produce chrominc infection, lasts less than 6 months, carrier state may be for yrs. low grade fever, malaise,doagulation defects, pancreatits, hepatic cancer
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| HCV-Hepatitis C | bloodborn, blood transfusions before 92, most often results from needle sticks. -85% of healthcare workers infected become carriers.not easily spread thru sex, mostly asymptomatic
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| TB | leading killer of people with HIV, chronic pulmonary dx. acquired thru inhalation of a dried droplet ucleus containing tb-suceptibility highest in <3 and >65, chroncally ill, malnourished, immune compromised.TX:4 drug regimen, INH,RIF,PZA,EMB or SM
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| Meningococcal meningitis(spinal meningitits) | inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord and brain
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| Pathogens that cause meningitis | streptoccocus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae,Neisseria meningitidis
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| Viral Meningitis (aseptic meningitis) | associated with an excisting systemic viral disease, less severe than bacterial mengts,pt recovers fully, s/s=
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| Nuchal rigidity | stiff neck from meningeal irritation
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| Brudzinski sign | involuntary flexion of the arm, hip and knee when the neck is passively flexed
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| Kernig's sign | loss of the ability in a seated or supine pt to completely extend the leg when the thigh is flexed on the abdomen
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| Bacterial Meningitis | most significant in neonates and children 6months to 2 yrs-S/S HA,stif neck, AMS,petichia and purpura
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| Waterhouse Friderichsen Syndrome | acute adrenal insufficiency, convulsions, coma and disseminated intravascular coagulation
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| Bacterial Endocarditis | inflammation of he endocardium and one or more heart valves-most common in pts >60 as a result of degenerative valve disease.
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| Janeway lesions-from ^ | red painless skin spots located on the palms and soles
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| Oslers nodes ^ | red painful nodes in the pads of the fingers and toes
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| Pneumonia | acute inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli, spread by droplets , indirect and direct contact with respiratory secretions.can be bacterial, viral or fungal
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| Bacterial pneumonia TX | analgesics,decongestants,expectorants and antibiotic therapy
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| Tetanus | CNS disease,caused by infection of a wound from Clostridium Tetani-spores live maily in soil and manure-occurs mostly in >50yrs old. S/S-trismus,muscular tetany,abd rigidity,resp failure-TX:diazepam, lorazepam,mag,TIG (tettanus immunoglobulin, DPT shot
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| Rabies-incubation 9days -7yrs | acute viral infection of the CNS-infection depends on, severity of wound,richness in nerve supply,distance from CNS,amount of strain and protection from clothing.s/s-fever,HA,seizures, no appetite,intense thirst but cannot drink due to throat spasms
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| Hanta Virus | hemmoraghic fever with renal syndrome -carried by rodents,transmitted by inhalation of aerosol material contaminated with urine or feces.S/S-fever,malaise,resp distress,capillary hemmorage,kidney failure
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| Rubella | mild, febrile and highly communicable VIRAL disease,spread by direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions or droplet spray from an infected person or transplacentally.s/s-punctuate, macular rash spreads from forehead to face and torso n ext. lasts 3days
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| Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) | affects 90% pf ifants born to women infected with rubella during the 1st trimester, causes mental retardation,deafness,congenital heart disease and sepsis
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| Rubeola | acute highly communicable VIRAL dx, caused my measles.s/s=conjuctivitis,cough,bronchitis, blotchy red rash.passed thru contact with respiratory secretions, invades the resp epithelium-most serious complication is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
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| Koplik spots | white spots inside of the cheek
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| Mumps | acute communicable VIRAL dx.localized edema of one or more salivary glands usually the parotid-passed thru direct contact with saliva droplets,s/s-painful inflammation of the testicles, testicular atrophy, effects pancreas also
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| Chickenpox | caused by varicella-zoster(herpes family)- direct or indirect contact, s/s-sudden onset of low grade fever, mild malaise and a skin eruption that is maculopapular for a few hrs,vesicular for 3-4 days, when older its shingles
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| Pertussis | affects infants and young children,caused by boredtella pertussis, spread by direct contact with discharge from mucous membranes in airborne droplets.lasts 1-2 months.TX:erythromycin
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| Influenza | spread by droplets in air,s/schills fever,HA,aches,fatigue-lasts 2-7 days,TX:flumist, flu vaccine every fall
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| Mononucleosis | caused by eppstein-barre virus or cytomegalovirus-(herpes family),spread viaoropharyngeal route n saliva.s/s-fever,sore throatenlarged lymphs,abd pain
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| Syphillis | primary lesions, secondary eruption involving the skin and mucous membranes, long latency perios,late serious lesions of the skin, bones, viscera, CNS and cardia system- cuased by TREPONEMA PALLIDUM,30% of exposure reults in infection
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| Syphillis-primary stage | within 10-90 days,a lesion develops at site of exposure, crusted or ulcerated,1-2 cm diameter, highly contagious during this perios
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| Syphillis-secondary stage | begins 2-10wks after primary lesion,systemic symptoms develop.s/s-HA,malais, anorexia, fever, sore throat,lymphadenopathy bald spots in area of infection.painless wartlike regions (condylomata lata)extremely infectious
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| Latency | follows the secondary stage, from 1-40yrs, recurrent episodes of secondary stage,tertiary syphilis involves, skin, CNS and cardiac systems, spinal degeneration (tabes dorsalis)
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| Gonorrhea | Caused by NEISSERIA GONNORRHOEAE, transmitted by fluids and pus, affets both sexes,affetcs genitalia, can cause sterility
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| Chlamydia | major cause of STD nonspecific urethritis or nongonoccal genital infection, most common std, LEADING CAUSE OF PREVENTABLE BLINDNESS TX:antibiotocs
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| Herpes Simplex Virus | HSV-a-above the waist, HSV-2-below the waist,skin to skin contact with infected area(herpatic whitlow)-infection from touchin the herpes virus on finger.HSV-a occurs before 4yrs,HSV2 from sexual activity-stays latent in the ganglion
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| Lice | eggs hatch in 7-10days, nymph stage 7-13 dys, egg to egg cycle lasts 3 weeks, cause small red macule and pruitis, secondary infection results from scratching, spread thru clothes, bedding
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| Pubic lice | look lilke small crabs, cuase gray blue spots to the abdomen and thighs, seen in eyelashes,eyebrows,and axillary hair as well. intense scratching
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| Head lice | elongated body. 3 pairs of legs, affect children mostly
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| Body lice | larger than head lice,concentrate around waist, shoulders, axillae and neck,cause small noninflammatory red spots, become papular wheals that resemble linear scratch marks
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| Scabies | completes its life cycle on the epidermis of host, concentrated around hands and feet and webbing of fingers and toes.from intimate contact and bedding clothes.s/s-severe nocturnal pruitislife span 1 month
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