AP Gov. @ PHS- unit vocab.
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| safe seat | an elected office that is predictably won by the same party
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| reapportionment | number of seats per state adjusted by congress after a census
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| redistricting | the redrawing of congressional districts to keep district popuation relatively equal
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| gerrymandering | drawing election district boundaries to benefit a party or incumbent
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| speaker | presiding officer of House of Rep. elected by the majority party in the House
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| majority leader | legislative leader selected by majority party; plans party strategy, keeps party members in line
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| minority leader | leader selected by the minority party as spokesperson for the opposition in the House; often steps into the Speakership once his/her party gains a majority
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| whip | party leader who is the liaison between leadership and rank and file
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| closed rule | only in House of Rep.; prohibits amendments to a bill, or only the committee reporting the bill can suggest amendments
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| open rule | only in the House; a bill can have amendments made to it
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| refusal of a rule | House rules committee can delay consideration of a bill by refusing to assign a rule (either open or closed)
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| hold | practice in the senate whereby a senator temporarily blocks the consideration of a bill or nomination
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| president pro tempore | officer of the senate selected by the majority pary to act as chair in the absence of the vice president
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| filibuster | senate, whereby a senator holds the floor and therby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue
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| cloture | in the senatet: terminates debate, especially filibuster
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| senatorial courtesy | president's custom of submitting prospective appointees for approval to senators
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| delegate | view that legislators should represent the views of their constituents despite their own views
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| trustee | view that legislators should vote independently based on own judgement of facts
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| log rolling | vote trading among legislators
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| standing committee | permanent committee; focused on a policy area
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| rider | irrelevant provision added to a bill to secure its passage
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| pocket veto | president waits 10 days w/out signing bill and congress has adjourned
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| override | 2/3 vote in each senate and house that approves a bill after president has vetoed
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| joint committee | committee composed of members from both senate and house
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| select/special committee | committee created for a specific purpose
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| discharge position | petition that, if signed by by a majority of House, will force a bill out of committee and bring it to the floor for consideration
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| seniority rule | practice that assigns the chair of a committee or subcommittee to a member of the majority party whom has had the longest continous service on the committee
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| conference committee | committee appointed by presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different forms
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| pork barrel legistlation | government benefits or programs that may help the economy of a member of congress's district
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| appropriations bills | has to be signed by congress and then the president to approve funds
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| franking privilege | perk incumbents have to help gain reelection: free mailing to constituents
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| executive privilege | the right for a president to withhold or protect information related to national security under certain conditions
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| Executive Order | order issued by a president of governor that has the force of law.
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| Item Veto | Power of an executive to veto parts of legislation; unconstitutional for a president to use, but okay for many governors
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| Impoundment | not spending funds for purposes congress has authorized
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| Continuing Resolutions | extending the authority for government spending for a few days or months
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| Judicial Review | power to authoritatively interpret the constitution
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| Class Action Lawsuit | Lawsuit brought by an individual or a group of people on behalf of all those similarily situated
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| Stare Decisis | the rule of precedent
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| appellate Jurisdiction | the authority to review appeals of the decisions made by lower courts
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| Court of Appeals | Court with appellate jurisdiction that hears appelas from the decisions of lower courts
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| Petit Jury | jury of 6-12 people who determine guilt or innocence in a civil or criminal action
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| Habeas Corpus | court order requiring explanation to a judge why a prisoner is held in custody
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| judicial restraint | judicial philosophy proposing proposing that judges should interpret the constitution to reflect what the framers intended and what its words literally say.
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| Judicial Activism | judicial philosophy proposingthat judges should interpret the constitution to reflect current conditions and values
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| Amicus Curiae | Literally "friend of the court"; individuals/groups who present additional information to a case
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| bureaucrat | career government employee
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| bureaucracy | professional corporation of official organized in a pyramidal hierarchy and functioning under impersonal, uniform rules and procedures
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| Spoils system | system of public employment based on rewardignpary loyalists and friends
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| Merit System | system in which selection and employment depend on demonstrated performance rather than political patronage
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| Office of Personnel Management (OPM) | Agency that administers civil service laws, rules, and regulations.
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| Bureau | largest subunit of a government department or agency
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| Government Corporation | cross between a business corp. and gov. agency; created to secure greater freeedom of action and flexibility for a particular program
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| Independent Agency | government entity that is independent of the legilsative, executive, and judicial branch
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| Independent Regulatory Board | independent agency or commission with regulatory powers whose independence is protected by congress
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| Office of Management and Budget | Presidential staff agency that serves as a clearing house for budgetary requests and managemnet improvements
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| Hatch Act | prohibits federal employees from active participation in certain kinds of politics and protects them from being fired on partisan grounds
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| Iron Triangle | mutually supported relationship among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and governmental agencies that share a common policy concern
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