Chemistry and Physics of Anesthesia - Exam 1 - Basics of Organic Chemistry
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| Nearly all drugs are composed of what types of substances? | Organic substances
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| All organic materials are predominantly composed of what two elements? | Carbon and hydrogen
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| What are the 4 different types of bonds that can connect molecules? | Ionic, hydrogen, covalent, phosphorus
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| Organic compounds consist of what three types of chains? | Straight, branched, cyclic
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| Organic compounds tend to form in tetrahedral geometry, consisting of [2/4/6/8] bonds. | 4
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| How is a derivative compound formed? | When a functional group is substituted into one or more outer positions in an organic compound
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| The metabolic removal of a methyl group is called ______________. | Demethylation
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| The metabolic removal of an ester group is called ______________. | Ester hydrolysis
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| Give an example of a hepatic enzyme. | CYP450
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| Give an example of a plasma enzyme. | Plasma cholinesterase
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| Specific atoms atoms are added to the skeletons of _______________ to create unique compounds and drugs. | Organic functional groups
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| Name the different functional groups discussed in class: | Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, amides, amines
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| Alkanes are made up of only two elements, what are they? | Carbon and hydrogen
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| How many bonds form between the carbon and hydrogen atoms in an alkane? | 1
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| Water is a [polar/nonpolar] substance. | Polar
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| Alkane is a nonpolar substance, therefore it [will/will not] dissolve well in water. | Will not. Polar dissolves polar, nonpolar dissolves nonpolar
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| Give one example of an alkane. | Methane
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| Why is methane important? | It is the primary molecule for which the volatile anesthetics are based upon.
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| What are the lipid and water characteristics of alkanes? | Lipophilic, hydrophobic
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| Why are alkanes referred to as aliphatic hydrocarbons? | They resemble animal fats and plant oils.
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| What are the three different types of molecular structures for alkanes? | cyclic, chained, branched
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| How many bonds form between carbon atoms in an alkene? | 2
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| Give two examples of alkenes. | Propylene, ethylene
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| What are two types of uses of alkenes in everyday life? | Cosmetics, flammable gas
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| How many bonds form between carbon atoms in an alkyne? | 3
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| Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are [hydrophobic/hydrophilic]. | hydrophobic
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| Alkynes are soluble in what types of solutions? | organic solvents
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| Alkynes have a (higher/lower) density than water. | Lower
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| The boiling temperature of an alkyne is dependent on the number of ___________ atoms that it has. | carbon
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| What is the functional group of an alcohol? | hydroxyls
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| An alcohols contains a hydroxyl group bonded to what type of molecule? | Alkyl carbon
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| What is a hydrocarbon? | A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
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| What type of atom is absent in an alkyl hydrocarbon? | One atom of hydrogen
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| How does methane (CH4-methane) transform to become an alkyl radical? | By removing one atom of hydrogen (CH3-methyl)
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| Give examples of 3 different ether based volatile anesthetics. | Isoflurane (methyl ethyl ether), desflurane (methyl ethyl ether), sevoflurane (methyl isopropyl ether)
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| An ether is formed by dehydrating two _______________ molecules so that the remaining alkyls are bonded to a single oxygen atom. | hydroxyl (or alcohol group)
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| What was the first anesthetic agent to be used in dental then surgical procedures? | Diethyl ether
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| Esters are formed by dehydrating one _________ and one _________. | Alcohol, acid
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| Give 1 example of an ester local anesthetic. | Procaine
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| Hydrolyzing an ester will create what two substances? | Alcohol and acid
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| What is the functional chemical group of an ester? | Carbonyl group
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| Why are procaine and tetracaine not commonly used in anesthesia? | They are most commonly associated with allergic reactions
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| What does the molecular structure of a ketone consist of? | A carbon atom: double bonded to 1 oxygen atom, two single bonds to two separate carbon atoms
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| Give two examples of ketone type medications. | Methadone and ketamine
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| An amide is a functional group whereby a ___________ group is attached to a _________ atom. | carbonyl, nitrogen
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| Which two organic functional groups contain the nitrogen atom? | amines and amides
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| Give one example of an amide local anesthetic. | Lidocaine
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| What is an alkyl group? | A group formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom from its parent structure (methyl-CH3, is the alkyl group of methane-CH4)
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| How many hydrogen atoms are attached to nitrogen to make ammonium? | 4
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| How are amines formed? | By substituting a hydrocarbon radical to one or more of the hydrogens in an ammonium molecule.
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| How many classifications of amines are there? | 4
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| What does each classification of amine represent? | The number of carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom of an ammonium.
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| What is the most important property of an amine? | Their basicity
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| Of the four classifications of amines, which is the only type that does not cross biologic membranes? | Quaternary amines
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| What class of medications are quaternary amines? | Neuromuscular blocking drugs
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| Which anticholinergic is also a quaternary amine? | Glycopyrrolate
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| True/False: Medications that cross biologic membranes produce CNS effects. | True
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| What two local anesthetics have primary, secondary, and tertiary amines? | Lidocaine and nesacaine
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| What type of amine does atropine have and what impact does that have on its ability to cause CNS symptoms? | Tertiary amine. Tertiary amines can cross biologic membranes therefore they will cause CNS effects
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