Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
NU 624
Chemistry and Physics of Anesthesia - Exam 1 - Basics of Organic Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nearly all drugs are composed of what types of substances? | Organic substances |
| All organic materials are predominantly composed of what two elements? | Carbon and hydrogen |
| What are the 4 different types of bonds that can connect molecules? | Ionic, hydrogen, covalent, phosphorus |
| Organic compounds consist of what three types of chains? | Straight, branched, cyclic |
| Organic compounds tend to form in tetrahedral geometry, consisting of [2/4/6/8] bonds. | 4 |
| How is a derivative compound formed? | When a functional group is substituted into one or more outer positions in an organic compound |
| The metabolic removal of a methyl group is called ______________. | Demethylation |
| The metabolic removal of an ester group is called ______________. | Ester hydrolysis |
| Give an example of a hepatic enzyme. | CYP450 |
| Give an example of a plasma enzyme. | Plasma cholinesterase |
| Specific atoms atoms are added to the skeletons of _______________ to create unique compounds and drugs. | Organic functional groups |
| Name the different functional groups discussed in class: | Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, amides, amines |
| Alkanes are made up of only two elements, what are they? | Carbon and hydrogen |
| How many bonds form between the carbon and hydrogen atoms in an alkane? | 1 |
| Water is a [polar/nonpolar] substance. | Polar |
| Alkane is a nonpolar substance, therefore it [will/will not] dissolve well in water. | Will not. Polar dissolves polar, nonpolar dissolves nonpolar |
| Give one example of an alkane. | Methane |
| Why is methane important? | It is the primary molecule for which the volatile anesthetics are based upon. |
| What are the lipid and water characteristics of alkanes? | Lipophilic, hydrophobic |
| Why are alkanes referred to as aliphatic hydrocarbons? | They resemble animal fats and plant oils. |
| What are the three different types of molecular structures for alkanes? | cyclic, chained, branched |
| How many bonds form between carbon atoms in an alkene? | 2 |
| Give two examples of alkenes. | Propylene, ethylene |
| What are two types of uses of alkenes in everyday life? | Cosmetics, flammable gas |
| How many bonds form between carbon atoms in an alkyne? | 3 |
| Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are [hydrophobic/hydrophilic]. | hydrophobic |
| Alkynes are soluble in what types of solutions? | organic solvents |
| Alkynes have a (higher/lower) density than water. | Lower |
| The boiling temperature of an alkyne is dependent on the number of ___________ atoms that it has. | carbon |
| What is the functional group of an alcohol? | hydroxyls |
| An alcohols contains a hydroxyl group bonded to what type of molecule? | Alkyl carbon |
| What is a hydrocarbon? | A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms. |
| What type of atom is absent in an alkyl hydrocarbon? | One atom of hydrogen |
| How does methane (CH4-methane) transform to become an alkyl radical? | By removing one atom of hydrogen (CH3-methyl) |
| Give examples of 3 different ether based volatile anesthetics. | Isoflurane (methyl ethyl ether), desflurane (methyl ethyl ether), sevoflurane (methyl isopropyl ether) |
| An ether is formed by dehydrating two _______________ molecules so that the remaining alkyls are bonded to a single oxygen atom. | hydroxyl (or alcohol group) |
| What was the first anesthetic agent to be used in dental then surgical procedures? | Diethyl ether |
| Esters are formed by dehydrating one _________ and one _________. | Alcohol, acid |
| Give 1 example of an ester local anesthetic. | Procaine |
| Hydrolyzing an ester will create what two substances? | Alcohol and acid |
| What is the functional chemical group of an ester? | Carbonyl group |
| Why are procaine and tetracaine not commonly used in anesthesia? | They are most commonly associated with allergic reactions |
| What does the molecular structure of a ketone consist of? | A carbon atom: double bonded to 1 oxygen atom, two single bonds to two separate carbon atoms |
| Give two examples of ketone type medications. | Methadone and ketamine |
| An amide is a functional group whereby a ___________ group is attached to a _________ atom. | carbonyl, nitrogen |
| Which two organic functional groups contain the nitrogen atom? | amines and amides |
| Give one example of an amide local anesthetic. | Lidocaine |
| What is an alkyl group? | A group formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom from its parent structure (methyl-CH3, is the alkyl group of methane-CH4) |
| How many hydrogen atoms are attached to nitrogen to make ammonium? | 4 |
| How are amines formed? | By substituting a hydrocarbon radical to one or more of the hydrogens in an ammonium molecule. |
| How many classifications of amines are there? | 4 |
| What does each classification of amine represent? | The number of carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom of an ammonium. |
| What is the most important property of an amine? | Their basicity |
| Of the four classifications of amines, which is the only type that does not cross biologic membranes? | Quaternary amines |
| What class of medications are quaternary amines? | Neuromuscular blocking drugs |
| Which anticholinergic is also a quaternary amine? | Glycopyrrolate |
| True/False: Medications that cross biologic membranes produce CNS effects. | True |
| What two local anesthetics have primary, secondary, and tertiary amines? | Lidocaine and nesacaine |
| What type of amine does atropine have and what impact does that have on its ability to cause CNS symptoms? | Tertiary amine. Tertiary amines can cross biologic membranes therefore they will cause CNS effects |
Created by:
philip.truong
Popular Nursing sets