chapter 16
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| endocrine system | bodys second great controlling system which influences metabolic activited by means of hormones
responses are slower but last longer
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| endocrine glands | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus
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| hypothalamus | part of brain the communicates with pituitary gland
both neural functions and releases hormones
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| hormones | long distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lympth
travels anywhere
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| autocrines | cell that affects itself
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| paracrines | affects cells around it
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| autocrines and paracrines are local chemical messengers and will/will not be considered part of endocrine system | will not
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| eicosanoids | biologically active lipids with local hormone like activity
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| what are the three types of hormones | 1. amino acid based
2. steroids
3. eicosanoids
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| which hormones use second messengers? | amino acid hormones
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| which hormones use direct gene activation | steroid horomes
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| true or false. steroids use secondary messengers | false. amino acid hormones use secondary hormones.
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| TRUE/FALSE... PIP and cyclic AMP are second messengers | true
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| what does PIP and cyclic AMP do? | binds then goes to the next and then there is a final
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| what does protein synthesis do? | repair
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| what do steroid hormones do? | -dna produces mRNA
-mRNA is translated to protein
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| what are the three factors that target cell activation depends on? | 1. hormones
2. receptors
3. affinity of receptors
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| up regulations | target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone
(you make more, like when you life weights)
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| down regulation | target loose receptors in response to hormone
(stop lifting weights)
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| the concentration of circulating hormones in blood reflects | 1. rate of release
2. speed of inactivation and removal from body
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| most hormones circulate in blood without carriers. which hormones are attached to plasma proteins? | steroids and thyroid hormones
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| how are hormones removed from the blood | 1.degrading enzymes
2. the kidneys
3. live enzyme systems
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| the time required for a hormones blood level to decrease by half is known as | half time
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| what are the three types of hormone interaction? | 1.permissiveness
2. synergism
3. antagonism
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| what is permissiveness and an example | one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
ex- thyroid hormone and reproductive system
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| what is synergism and an example | more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell
ex- glucagon and epinephrine in release of liver glucose (they both do the same thing)
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| what is antagonism and an example | 2 hormones oppose each other
ex- insulin puts sugar in cells and
glucagon raise sugar levels
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| blood level hormones are controlled by | negative feedback systems
so, build up hormone, when its at where it needs to be it shuts off
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| secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients in known as | humoral stimuli
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| when is PTH secreted | when blood calcium concentration are declining
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| nerve fibers simulate hormone release | neural stimuli
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| catecholamines are | epinephrin
norepinephrine
dopamine
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| norepinephrine can function as a ____ and ____ | neurotransmitter and hormone
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| example of neural stimuli is when | the sympathetic nervous system fibers stimlate the adrenal medulla to secret catecholamines
it happens immediately
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| the release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs | hormonal stimuli
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| example of hormonal stimuli | the hypothalamic hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary
and in turn, pituitary hormones stimulate targets to secrete more hormones
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| two lobed organ that secretes nine major hormones is | pituitary gland
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| neurohypophysis | posterior lobe and infundibulum
doesnt make hormones
recieves and stores and releases hormones from the hypothalamus
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| adenohypophysis | anterior lobe- makes hormones and secretes them
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| what tissue makes up the adenohypophysis | glandular tissue
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| what tissue makes up the neurohypophysis | neural tissue
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| the hypothalamus makes hormones and stores it in the ........ | posterior lobe (neurohypphysis)
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| the nuclei of the hypothalmus synethesis ____ and _____ | oxytin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH
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| what are the anterior pituitary hormones | 1. human growth hormone (hGH)
2. thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) or thyrotropin
3. adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth)
4. follicle stimulating hormone (fsh)
5. luteinizing hormone (lh)
6. prolactin (prl)
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| the ______ sends a chemical stimulus to the anterior pituitary | hypothalamus
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| releasing and inhibiting hormones are made by the | hypothalamus
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| what do the releasing hormones do | stimulate the synethsis and release hormones
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| what do inhibiting hormones do | shut off the synthesis and release of hormones
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| human growth hormones | 1. produce cells called somatotrophs)
2. target bones and skeletal muscles
3. use fats for fuel
4. insulin like growth factors
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| what are the actions of growth hormone | stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone and cartilidge to produce insulin like growth factors
mobilizes fat and elevated blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake
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| hypersecretion is children causes | giagantism
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| hypersecretion is adults causes | acromegaly which is an explansion of jaw and feet
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| how can gigantisim be fixed | by removing the pituitary tumor
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| what does hyposecretion is children cause and how can it be fixed | dwarfism and can be fixed by GH injections
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| what is the flow chart from thryoid stimuating hormone | hypothalmas>trh>anterior pituitary>tsh>thyroid gland>thyroid hormones>target cells
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the ______ to release_______ | adrenal cortex
corticosteroids
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| corticotroin releasing hormone makes_____ | corticotropin
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| which hormone is absent from blood in prepubertal boys and girls | follicle stimulating hormone (fsh)
luteinizing hormone (lh)
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| stimulates gamete production | follicle stimulating hormone (fsh)
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| promotes production of gonadal hormones | luteinizing hormone (lh)
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| what is the end product of gonadotropin releasing hormone | estrogen and testosterone
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| what are the functions of gonadotropins in females | 1. maturation of ovarian follicle
2. trigger ovulation
3. estrogen and progesterone
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| what are the functions of gonadotropins in males | lh stimulates interstital cells of testes to make testosterone
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| prolactin | breast milk
blood levels rise toward end of pregnancy
secreted by lactotro
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| prolactin is primarily controlled by | prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine) to prevent it from being used
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| what does the posterior pituitary store | antidiuertic hormone (adh)
oxytocin
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| antidiuertic hormone (adh) and oxytocin are synthesized in | the hypothalamus
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| what influences water balance? | adh
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| what stimulated smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus | oxytocin
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| what are some functions of oxytocin | uterine contraction
positive feedback mechanisim to oxytocin in blood
this leads to increased intensity of uterine contractions, ending birth
triggers milk ejection
plays role in sexual arousal
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| decrease production of urine | antidiuretic hormone
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| when blood is too concentrated, adh is ______ | released
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| when blood has to much water, adh is _____ | inhibited
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| ADH deficiency | diabetes insipidus; huge output of urine and intense thirst
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| adh hypersecretion | syndrom of inappropiae adh secretion
after neurosurgery, trauma, etc
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| the largest endocrine gland is | thyroid
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| he largest gland is | liver
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| largest organ is | skin
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